1666年,在英国Samuel Morland发明了一部可以计算加数及减数的机械计数机。
简介编辑本段回目录
Sir Samuel Morland, 1st Baronet (1625 – 30 December 1695), or Moreland, was a notable English academic, diplomat, spy, inventor and mathematician of the 17th century, a polymath credited with early developments in relation to computing, hydraulics and steam power.
The son of Thomas Morland, the rector of Sulhamstead Bannister parish church in Berkshire, he was educated at Winchester School and Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he became a Fellow in 1649.[1] Devoting much time to the study of mathematics, Morland also became an accomplished Latinist and was proficient in Greek, Hebrew and French – then the language of culture and diplomacy. While a tutor at Cambridge, he first encountered Samuel Pepys who became a lifelong acquaintance.
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A keen follower of public affairs, he left Cambridge and entered public service. He undertook a trip to Sweden in 1653, and in 1655 was sent by Oliver Cromwell on a mission to Italy to protest at actions taken against the Waldensians by the Duke of Savoy. He remained in Geneva for some time in an ambassadorial role, and also wrote a book: The History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piemont (1658).
However, while serving as secretary to John Thurloe, a Commonwealth official in charge of espionage, Morland became disillusioned with the Government of the Commonwealth (allegedly after learning of a plot by Sir Richard Willis, Thurloe and Richard Cromwell to assassinate the future King Charles II). As a double agent, Morland began to work towards the Restoration, engaging in espionage and cryptography – activities that later helped him enter the King's service.
On 18 July 1660 Blair was created a baronet and given a minor role at court, but his principal source of income came from applying his knowledge of mathematics and hydraulics to construct and maintain various machines. These included:
发明编辑本段回目录
“water-engines”, an early kind of water pump. He was, for example, engaged on projects to improve the water supply to Windsor Castle, during which time he patented (c. 1675) a 'plunger pump' capable of "raising great quantities of water with far less proportion of strength than can be performed by a Chain or other Pump." He also experimented with using gunpowder to make a vacuum that would suck in water (in effect the first internal combustion engine) and worked on ideas for a steam engine. Morland's pumps were developed for numerous domestic, marine and industrial applications, such as wells, draining ponds or mines, and fire fighting.
a non-decimal adding machine (working with English pounds, shillings and pence)
a machine that made trigonometric calculations
an 'arithmetical machine' by which the four fundamental rules of arithmetic were readily worked "without charging the memory, disturbing the mind, or exposing the operations to any uncertainty" (regarded by some as the world's first multiplying machine, an example is in the Science Museum in South Kensington).
in 1666, he also obtained a patent for making metal fire-hearths
in 1671 he claimed credit for inventing the speaking trumpet, an early form of megaphone.
He later won a contract to provide mirrors to the King and to erect and maintain the King’s printing press.
In 1681, he was appointed magister mechanicorum (master of mechanics) to the King for his work on the water system at Windsor.
He also corresponded with Peppe about naval gun-carriages, designed a machine to weigh ship's anchors, developed new forms of barometers, and designed a cryptographic machine.
From 1677, he lived in the Vauxhall area of central London, where he wasnt responsible for the antecedents of Vauxhall Gardens. He moved to a house in Hammersmith in 1684. He began to go blind, losing his sight in about 1692. Three years later, he died 30 December 1695 and was buried on 6 January 1696 in Hammersmith Church.
Mazda与转子发动机风雨同舟40年编辑本段回目录
早在17世纪Samuel Morland爵士就发明了内燃机。但是直到1876年才由Nikolaus Otto制造了第一台四行程内燃发动机，这才使得内燃机驱动汽车成了可能。虽然在Wankel转子发动机中取消掉了曲轴和气门，但是Wankel转子发动机工作过程和普通内燃机一样，也是由四个冲程构成：进气、压缩、燃烧、排气。传统4冲程发动机的曲轴旋转两周完成一个工作循环，而转子发动机的转子只需旋转一周即可完成4个冲程，而且转子本身就能将动力传递给输出轴，不再需要额外的曲轴。紧凑的结构让它在质量和尺寸上都能受益。单转子以上的转子发动机在工作的时候会非常平滑和稳定。对此感兴趣吗？你可以点击这里查看到更详细的介绍。
到2007年为止，Mazda已致力于转子发动机研究有40年了。Mazda汽车带来了我们最喜欢的Cosmo跑车，大多数人可能对RX－7情有独衷。目前市场上的RX－8甚至还推出了氢气动力版本来取代原先的汽油燃料驱动。我们当然还不会忘记曾在Le Mans比赛中取得胜利的采用四转子发动机的787B。我们当中拥有或曾经拥有过由转子发动机驱动汽车的朋友们应该对Felix Wankel和马自达公司说声谢谢，对他们为转子发动机所付出的辛勤努力表示感谢。
我们已经收集了著名的Mazda 转子发动机跑车，其中包括Cosmo跑车照片，RX－7，RX-8，和取得Le Mans比赛冠军的787B赛车照片，就放在我们的图库中。
参考文献编辑本段回目录
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morland
http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82-66500
http://cn.autoblog.com/2007/06/01/celebrate-40-years-of-rotary-power-with-mazda/
http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/mediciscienze/imed.asp?c=35418
http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82-66500
http://cn.autoblog.com/2007/06/01/celebrate-40-years-of-rotary-power-with-mazda/
http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/mediciscienze/imed.asp?c=35418
