全球知名智库基本资料分析编辑本段回目录
在全球一百七十多个国家当中,有5500个智库,研究范围不同,功能各异,在美国,智库的政策献言功能不亚于政府的实际决策(governments in waiting),智库不仅出版论文,也针对社会上的主要问题提出客观独立的政策分析;每个智库的情况差异甚巨:有的智库每年的预算可达千万美金,也有不少是一人智库。
2009年一月初美国“外交政策季刊”(Foreign Policy,January 2009)中刊载一篇题为“全球智库指南”(The Think Tank Index)的报告,作者针对全球一百多国的重要智库根据不同指标作评比,分析智库的主要功能,并挑选美国前三十名最佳智库、最佳的非美国智库、最具创意智库、新成立之绩优智库,以及对公共政策辩论最具影响力智库等。
一、智库主要研究范围
智库扮演的角色主要有五种:
1.政策研究者:这类智库和政府拥有良好关系,研究扎实,也有极佳的公关能力,在政府中有人脉关系,也比较能抓住政府的需求,协助政府作政策建议,这类智库像是美国的兰德公司(Rand Corporation)、国家亚洲研究局(National Bureau of Asian Research)、美国大西洋理事会(The Atlantic Council of the United States)、战略与国际研究中心(CSIS)、都巿研究所(Urban Institute),以及英国的海外发展研究所(Overseas Development Institute)等。
2.政党代言人(The Partisans):这些智库具有比较清楚的意识形态,如偏左或偏右派,智库也多由一些资深党领导人所组成,像美国的传统基金会、美国企业研究所(共和党)、布鲁金斯研究所(民主党)、英国的亚当斯密斯研究所等。
3.政府代理人(The Phantoms):虽然表面上功能像是非政府组织,但实际上是受到政府支持,主要工作即在为政策背书,例如中国大陆的中国开发研究所(China Development Institute)、俄罗斯的民主与合作研究所(Institute for Democracy and Cooperation)等。
4.学者型:这些智库多半世界知名,具有主导议题及提议的能力,包括美国的布鲁金斯研究所、外交关系协会、史坦佛大学胡佛研究所、英国的 Chatham House、丹麦的国际问题研究所(Danish Institute of International Studies)等。
5.行动者:这类智库不仅作分析评论工作,还是政策倡导者,例如美国的人权观察(Human Rights Watch)、美国科学家联盟(Federation of American Scientist)、英国的国际特赦组织(Amnesty International)等。
二、美国绩优智库
作者将美国最佳智库的基本资料综合整理如下:
智库名称/所在地/年度预算/研究专长/智库重要学者
Brookings Institute 华府 6070万美元 美国外交政策、中东问题 Strobe Talbott, Kenneth Pollack, Alice Rivin
Council on Foreign Relations 纽约 3830万美元 美国外交政策、国家安全 Richard Haass, Michael Gerson, Walter R. Mead, Angelina Jolie
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 华府 2200万美元 核武反扩散议题、中国研究 Jessica Mathews, Robert Kagan, Minxin Pei
Rand Corporation 加州Santa Monica 2亿5100万美元 军事战略、政治经济 James Dobbins, Gregory Treverton, William Overholt
Heritage Foundation 华府 4840万美元 赋税政策、飞弹防卫 Edwin Meese, Peter Brookes, James Jay Carafano
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 华府 3450万美元 区域研究、民主推动 Lee Hamilton, Haleh Esfandiari
Center for Strategic & Int'l Studies 华府 2900万美元 国防政策、外交 John Hamre, Richard Armitage, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Anthony Cordesman
American Enterprise Institute 华府 2360万美元 贸易、国防 Newt Gingrich, David Frum, Richard Perle
Cato Institute 华府 1900万美元 自由主义、解除管制 David Boaz, Edward Crane, Christopher Preble
Hoover Institute 加州史丹福 3410万美元 国防政策、保守主义 Larry Diamond, Michael McFaul, Victor Davis Hanson
Human Rights Watch 纽约 3550万美元 人权、国际正义 Kenneth Roth
Peterson Institute for Int'l Economics 华府 950万美元 贸易、全球化 C. Fred Bergsten, Anders Aslund, William Cline
U.S. Institute of Peace 华府 2470万美元 冲突解决、后冲突稳定 Richard Solomon, Scott Lasensky, Alexander Thier
Nat'l Bureau of Economic Research 麻州,Cambridge 2980万美元 经济成长、经验研究 James Poterba, Robert Lipsey, Martin Feldstein
Center for Global Development 华府 980万美元 全球化、不平等问题 Nancy Birdsall
三、美国以外之绩优智库
作者将美国以外之最佳智库的基本资料综合整理如下:
智库名称/所在地/年度预算/研究专长
Chatham House 伦敦 1240万美元 国际经济、区域研究
Int'l Institute for Strategic Studies 伦敦 1530万美元 核武反扩散议题、反恐
Stockholm Int'l Peace Research Institute 瑞典Solna 530万美元 军备管制、冲突管理
Overseas Development Institute 伦敦 2590万美元 国际发展、人道议题
Center for European Policy Studies 布鲁塞尔 860万美元 欧洲事务
Transparency Int'l 柏林 1330万美元 反贪污
German Council on Foreign Relations 柏林 640万美元 德国外交政策、国际关系
German Institute for Int'l and Security Affairs 柏林 1640万美元 德国外交政策与安全
French Institute of Int'l Relations 巴黎 810万美元 泛大西洋关系、欧洲事务
Adam Smith Institute 伦敦 50万美元 自由巿场、社会政策
四、最有创意的智库
第一名为Cato Institute,该研究所的自由派、反当权派、反华府的作风已赢得世界相关人士的敬重,该所推动将社会安全保障私有化的主张己使自由派人士不满,而该所强烈反对攻打伊拉克也激怒了保守派人士。
第二名的智库是Brookings Institute,该研究所的人才济济,从健保改革到人权议题均有专精,使得该研究所对于当前几乎所有重要议题均拥有发言权。
第三名的智库是Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,该所强烈反对攻打伊拉克,以及该所专精于研究伊朗及朝鲜核武问题,使得该所对于美国的国防政策甚具影响力。
五、最佳新成立智库
第一名为European Council on Foreign Relations,该所拥有一些重量级研究人员,例如诺贝尔奖得主Martti Ahtisaari、德国前外长Joschka Fischer,该研究所的重点在为日益整合的欧洲发展出共同的外交政策。
第二名的智库为Bruegel,位在布鲁塞尔,由欧盟各会员国共同赞助成立,该智库着重在欧洲经济成长与竞争力提升的研究。
第三名为Center for American Progress,该研究所拥有第一流研究人才,同时擅用媒体,己成为华府民主党的谘询重镇。
六、在公共政策议题最有影响力的智库
第一名的智库是Brookings Institute,不论是中东和平、全球金融、或城巿规划,几乎所有的重要议题该研究所均拥有主导性作用。
第二名的智库为传统基金会,该基金会一向致力于最流行议题的研究,加上有效的行销策略,同时地理位置和美国国会接近,使得该基金会对共和党的政策产生相当的影响力。
七、其他分类
在其他方面,例如有关安全及国际事务研究方面的前五名智库分别为Brookings Institute、Chatham House、Carnegie Endowment for International Peace、Council on Foreign Relations、Int'l Institute for Strategic Studies。
在国际发展研究方面的前五名分别为Brookings Institute、Overseas Development Institute、Council on Foreign Relations、Rand Corporation、Woodrow Wilson Int'l Center for Scholars。
前五名的国际经济政策研究智库为Brookings Institute、Peterson Institute for Int'l Economics、Fraser Institute、Nat'l Bureau of Economic Research、Adam Smith Institute。
八、统计数字
在全球总共有5465个智库,其中1872个是位在北美,1208个是位在西欧,在亚洲有653个,在拉丁美洲则有538个,在非洲有424个,在中东及非洲北部则有218个,大洋洲则有38个。
在其中,美国拥有的智库即有1777个,在美国每十个智库中有九个是在1951年后成立的,而在1980年后,美国智库的数字成长两倍以上,而单在华府即有350个智库,是美国各地中拥有最多智库的城巿。
九、美国智库与国家安全战略设计
2009年1月20日奥巴马总统宣誓就职后,随即提出国家安全团队名单,送请参议院行使同意权。在这份名单中包括由美国大西洋理事会主席琼斯(James Jones)出任白宫国家安全顾问、国家亚洲研究局国安部门主任布莱尔(Dennis Blair)接掌国家情报总监(DNI),以及布鲁金斯研究所研究员莱斯(Susan Rice)出使美国驻联合国大使等。由此重要人事任命案显示,美国重要智库与国家安全战略设计及政策规划的密切关联性。
本文来源:大军事网讯
全美最佳智库TOP 30编辑本段回目录
Top 30 U.S. Think Tanks
Brookings Institution
Location: Washington
Annual budget: $60.7 million
Specialties: U.S. foreign policy, Middle East
Boldface names: Strobe Talbott, Kenneth Pollack, Alice Rivlin
Council on Foreign Relations
Location: New York
Budget: $38.3 million
Specialties: U.S. foreign policy, national security
Boldface names: Richard Haass, Michael Gerson, Walter Russell Mead, Angelina Jolie
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Location: Washington
Budget: $22 million
Specialties: Nuclear nonproliferation, China
Boldface names: Jessica T. Mathews, Robert Kagan, Minxin Pei
Rand Corporation
Location: Santa Monica, Calif.
Budget: $251 million
Specialties: Military strategy, political economy
Boldface names: James Dobbins, Gregory Treverton, William Overholt
Heritage Foundation
Location: Washington
Budget: $48.4 million
Specialties: Tax policy, missile defense
Boldface names: Edwin Meese, Peter Brookes, James Jay Carafano
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Location: Washington
Budget: $34.5 million
Specialties: Regional studies, democracy promotion
Boldface names: Lee Hamilton, Haleh Esfandiari
Center for Strategic & International Studies
Location: Washington
Budget: $29 million
Specialties: Defense policy, diplomacy
Boldface names: John Hamre, Richard Armitage, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Anthony Cordesman
American Enterprise Institute
Location: Washington
Budget: $23.6 million (2006)
Specialties: Trade, defense
Boldface names: Newt Gingrich, David Frum, Richard Perle
Cato Institute
Location: Washington
Budget: $19 million
Specialties: Libertarianism, deregulation
Boldface names: David Boaz, Edward Crane, Christopher Preble
Hoover Institution
Location: Stanford, Calif.
Budget: $34.1 million
Specialties: Defense policy, conservatism
Boldface names: Larry Diamond, Michael McFaul, Victor Davis Hanson
Human Rights Watch
Location: New York
Budget: $35.5 million
Specialties: Human rights, international justice
Boldface names: Kenneth Roth
Peterson Institute for International Economics
Location: Washington
Budget: $9.5 million
Specialties: Trade, globalization
Boldface names: C. Fred Bergsten, Anders Åslund, William Cline
United States Institute of Peace
Location: Washington
Budget: $24.7 million
Specialties: Conflict resolution, postconflict stability
Boldface names: Richard Solomon, Scott Lasensky, J. Alexander Thier
National Bureau of Economic Research
Location: Cambridge, Mass.
Budget: $29.8 million
Specialties: Economic growth, empirical research
Boldface names: James Poterba, Robert Lipsey, Martin Feldstein
Center for Global Development
Location: Washington
Budget: $9.8 million
Specialties: Globalization, inequality
Boldface names: Nancy Birdsall
World Policy Institute
Center for American Progress
Carter Center
Hudson Institute
Urban Institute
EastWest Institute
New America Foundation
Manhattan Institute
Resources for the Future
Baker Institute for Public Policy
Henry L. Stimson Center
Center for Transatlantic Relations
Independent Institute
International Peace Institute
National Center for Policy Analysis (tied)
Mercatus Center (tied)
非美国智库TOP 20编辑本段回目录
Top 20 Non-U.S. Think Tanks
Chatham House
Location: London
Budget: $12.4 million
Specialties: International economics, regional studies
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Location: London
Budget: $15.3 million
Specialties: Nonproliferation, counterterrorism
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Location: Solna, Sweden
Budget: $5.3 million
Specialties: Arms control, conflict management
Overseas Development Institute
Location: London
Budget: $25.9 million
Specialties: International development, humanitarian issues
Centre for European Policy Studies
Location: Brussels
Budget: $8.6 million
Specialty: EU affairs
Transparency International
Location: Berlin
Budget: $13.3 million
Specialty: Anticorruption
German Council on Foreign Relations
Location: Berlin
Budget: $6.4 million
Specialties: German foreign policy, international relations
German Institute for International and Security Affairs
Location: Berlin
Budget: $16.4 million
Specialties: German foreign policy and security
French Institute of International Relations
Location: Paris
Budget: $8.1 million
Specialties: Trans-Atlantic relations, European affairs
Adam Smith Institute
Location: London
Budget: $500,000
Specialties: Free-market and social policies
Fraser Institute (Canada)
European Council on Foreign Relations (multiple)
Centre for Policy Studies (Britain)
Institute of Development Studies (Britain)
Centre for Economic Policy Research (Britain)
Centre for European Reform (Britain)
International Crisis Group (Belgium)
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (Sweden)
Kiel Institute for the World Economy (Germany)
Canadian International Council (Canada)
其他智库排行榜编辑本段回目录
Top Think Tanks for Innovative Ideas
Cato Institute
Cato’s libertarian stance, once viewed as fringe, is now considered respectable. With its anti-incumbent, anti-Washington attitude, Cato has antagonized liberals with its push to privatize Social Security, as well as conservatives with its vigorous opposition to the Iraq war.
Brookings Institution
From heathcare reform to recommendations on closing the prison at Guantánamo Bay, Brookings has a breadth of expertise that allows it to offer innovative fixes for nearly every critical issue facing the United States today.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Carnegie’s role in opposing the invasion of Iraq and providing critical research on issues such as Iran’s and North Korea’s nuclear weapons programs places it at the heart of some of Washington’s defining policy debates.
Best New Think Tanks (of the last 5 years)
European Council on Foreign Relations
Populated by European heavyweights like Nobel Peace Prize laureate Martti Ahtisaari and former German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer, the ECFR aims to craft a common foreign policy for an increasingly integrated Europe.
Bruegel
Funded by EU member states and located in Brussels, Bruegel specializes in driving European economic growth and making the continent more competitive in the global economy.
Center for American Progress
Thanks to its all-star roster of experts and savvy use of new media, CAP has emerged as the intellectual center of Democratic D.C.
Most Impact on Public Policy Debates
Brookings Institution
When important debates occur in Washington—whether over Middle East peace, global finance, or urban strategy—it’s a fair bet that Brookings is driving the conversation.
Heritage Foundation
A partisan approach, obsession with the latest policy issues, an effective marketing strategy, and proximity to the seat of power (it is steps away from the U.S. Congress) give Heritage an influential edge.
Top 5 Think Tanks in Latin America and the Caribbean
Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (Argentina)
Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Costa Rica)
Libertad y Desarrollo (Chile)
Centro de Estudios Públicos (Chile)
Centro de Implementación de Políticas Públicas para la Equidad y el Crecimiento (Argentina)
Top 5 Think Tanks in Asia
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (China)
Japan Institute of International Affairs (Japan)
Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (India)
Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia)
Institute for International Policy Studies (Japan)
Top 5 Think Tanks in the Middle East and North Africa
Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies (Egypt)
Center for Strategic Studies (Jordan)
Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)
Gulf Research Center (United Arab Emirates)
Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research (United Arab Emirates)
Top 5 Think Tanks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Centre for Conflict Resolution (South Africa)
South African Institute of International Affairs (South Africa)
Institute for Security Studies (South Africa)
Free Market Foundation (South Africa)
Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Senegal)
Top 5 Security and International Affairs Think Tanks
Brookings Institution
Chatham House
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Council on Foreign Relations
International Institute for Strategic Studies
Top 5 International Development Think Tanks
Brookings Institution
Overseas Development Institute
Council on Foreign Relations
Rand Corporation
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Top 5 International Economic Policy Think Tanks
Brookings Institution
Peterson Institute for International Economics
Fraser Institute
National Bureau of Economic Research
Adam Smith Institute
The Think Tank Index
1,872 in North America
1,208 in Western Europe
653 in Asia
538 in Latin America and the Caribbean
514 in Eastern Europe
424 in sub-Saharan Africa
218 in the Middle East and North Africa
38 in Oceania
英文原文地址:http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4598
全文:http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4598&print=1