简介编辑本段回目录
说唱（Rap）是一个黑人俚语中的词语，相当于“谈话”（talking），产自纽约贫困黑人聚居区。它以在机械的节奏声的背景下，快速地诉说一连串押韵的诗句为特征。这种形式来源之一是过去电台节目主持人在介绍唱片时所用的一种快速的、押韵的行话性的语言。莱普的歌词幽默、风趣，常带讽刺性，80年代尤其受到黑人欢迎。最有代表性的乐队是“公开的敌人”（Public Enemy）。莱普有时也称“希普－霍普”（hip－hop）。实际上，希普－霍普的含义更宽，泛指当时纽约街头文化的各种成分，除莱普外，还有：（莱普经常采用的）用手把放在唱机转盘上的唱片前后移动，发出有节奏的刮擦声；唱片播放员（DJ）在转换唱片拼接唱片音乐片断时，听不出中断痕迹的技法；霹雳舞等等。
I Introduction
Rap or Rap Music, genre of rhythm-and-blues music (R&B) that consists of rhythmic vocals declaimed over musical accompaniment. The accompaniment generally consists of electronic drum beats combined with samples (digitally isolated sound bites) from other musical recordings. The first rap recording was made in 1979 and the genre rose to prominence in the United States in the mid-1980s. Although the term rap is often used interchangeably with hip-hop, the latter term encompasses the subculture that rap music is simply one part of. The term hip-hop derives from one of the earliest phrases used in rap, and can be found on the seminal recording “Rapper’s Delight” (1979) by the Sugarhill Gang. In addition to rap music, the hip-hop subculture also comprises other forms of expression, including break dancing and graffiti art as well as a unique slang vocabulary and fashion sense.
介绍
斥责或说唱音乐, 的节奏和蓝色音乐(R&B) 风格包括节奏性vocals 巧辩了在音乐陪同。陪同一般包括电子鼓敲打与样品(数字式地被隔绝的酣然的叮咬) 被结合从其它音乐录音。1979 年第一斥责纪录被创造了并且风格上升了到突起在美国在80 年代中期。虽然期限斥责互换性经常被使用与配合敲打并以节律唱诵的音乐, 后者期限包含亚文化群, 说唱音乐是简单地一份。期限配合敲打并以节律唱诵的音乐从最早期的词组的当中一个获得被使用在斥责, 和可能被发现在精液录音"交谈者的欢欣" (1979) 由Sugarhill 帮会。除说唱音乐之外, 配合敲打并以节律唱诵的音乐亚文化群并且包括其它形式表示, 包括断裂跳舞和街道画艺术并且一个独特的俗话词汇量和流行观念。
Rap originated in the mid-1970s in the South Bronx area of New York City. The rise of rap in many ways parallels the birth of rock and roll in the 1950s (see Rock Music: Rock and Roll): Both originated within the African American community and both were initially recorded by small, independent record labels and marketed almost exclusively to a black audience. In both cases, the new style gradually attracted white musicians, a few of whom began performing it. For rock and roll it was a white singer from Mississippi, Elvis Presley, who broke into the Billboard magazine popular music charts. For rap it was a white group from New York, the Beastie Boys, and the hit song “Walk This Way” (1986), a collaboration of the black rap group Run-DMC and the white hard-rock band Aerosmith. Soon after 1986, the use of samples and declaimed vocal styles became widespread in the popular music of both black and white performers, significantly altering previous notions of what constitutes a legitimate song, composition, or musical instrument.
斥责发起于70 年代中期在纽约南Bronx 地区。斥责的上升用许多方式平行摇滚乐诞生在50 年代(参见摇滚乐: 摇滚乐): 发源在非裔美国人的社区和两个心头由小, 独立纪录标签记录了和几乎完全最初地被销售了对黑人观众。到两个案件, 新样式逐渐吸引了白音乐家, 一些谁开始执行它。为摇滚乐这是一位白歌手从密西西比, Elvis Presley, 打破广告牌杂志流行音乐图。为斥责这是一个白色小组从纽约, Beastie 男孩, 并且流行歌曲"步行这样" (1986), 黑斥责小组的合作跑DMC 和白色坚硬岩石带Aerosmith 。在1986 年以后, 对样品的用途和被巧辩的声音样式变得普遍在黑色和白色执行者流行音乐, 极大修改什么的早先概念构成一个合法的歌曲、构成, 或乐器。
II Musical Elements 
A rap group typically consists of at least one rapper and a disc jockey (DJ); two or more rappers are common. In groups with two, the rappers generally serve as foils for one another, alternating or completing lines and verses in a seamless pattern. The rap often uses a call-and-response format typical of much African American music. The wordplay in a rap is rooted in African and African American verbal games, known as the dozens and signifying. Precursors of rap who drew upon the same wordplay traditions include the Jamaican toasters (DJs, also known as dub artists, who talk over recorded music) of the late 1960s and 1970s, African American radio DJs from the 1940s through the 1970s, and black American poets of the 1960s including the Last Poets and the Watts Prophets. Rap vocals typically emphasize lyrics and wordplay over melody and harmony, achieving interest through rhythmic complexity and variations in the timing of the lyrics. Lyric themes can be broadly categorized under three headings: those that concern human relationships, those that chronicle and often embrace the so-called gangsta lifestyle of the inner cities, and those that address contemporary political issues or aspects of black history.
音乐元素
斥责小组典型地包括至少一个交谈者和音乐节目主持人(DJ); 二个或更多交谈者是共同。在小组与二, 交谈者一般起箔作用对于互相,交替或完成线和诗歌在一个无缝的样式。斥责经常使用一个叫和反应格式特点非裔美国人音乐。文字游戏在斥责根源于非洲和非裔美国人口头比赛, 通认作为十二个和符号化。得出同样文字游戏传统斥责的前体包括牙买加多士炉(DJs, 亦称配音艺术家, 谈记录的音乐) 60 年代后期和70 年代, 非裔美国人收音机DJs从40 年代通过70 年代, 和60 年代的黑人美国诗人包括最后诗人和瓦特先知。斥责vocals 典型地强调抒情诗和文字游戏结束曲调和和谐, 达到在抒情诗的时间上兴趣通过节奏性复杂和变化。抒情歌题材可能宽广地被分类在三个标题之下: 那些有关人的关系, 那些记载和经常接受市内贫民区的所谓的gangsta 生活方式, 和那些论及黑历史的当代政治问题或方面。
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Underpinning the rapper’s vocals is the separately recorded musical accompaniment, known as a backing track. In general, backing tracks for rap recordings emphasize rhythmic accompaniment and timbre (quality of tone) rather than harmony. Furthermore, many rap songs lack chord changes altogether, influenced in part by the highly rhythmic style of R&B music called funk. Originally a DJ created backing tracks by playing two records, switching back and forth between them in a technique known as cutting and mixing. Occasionally the DJ mixed one recording over another so that both were heard simultaneously. Other techniques used in early recordings were scratching (rotating a vinyl record backward and forward by hand to create rhythmic sound effects) and quick mixing (combining short sound bites to create a sound collage).
加固交谈者的vocals 是分开地记录的音乐陪同, 以依托轨道著名。总之, 支持轨道为斥责录音强调节奏性陪同和音色(口气的质量) 而不是和谐。此外, 许多说唱音乐缺乏弦一共改变, 影响一部分由R&B 音乐叫的funk 高度节奏性样式。DJ 最初创造了依托轨道由演奏二个纪录, 交换反复在他们在技术以切口著名和混合之间。偶尔地DJ 混合了一录音另以便两个同时听见了。其它技术被使用在早期的录音抓(转动唱片落后和向前用手创造节奏性音响效果) 并且快混合(结合短的酣然的叮咬创造一张酣然的拼贴画) 。
In 1982 computer-generated sound from synthesizers, including programmable drum machines, began to be used along with snippets from preexisting recordings. With the arrival of digital technology in 1983, sampling began to replace the turntable style of cutting and mixing. With sampling, DJs were able to access precise digital sound bites and reconstruct them into new sound patterns or collages. Sampling eventually facilitated the layering of found sound (sound that exists prior to and independently from its use by the rap artist), enabling rappers such as Public Enemy to place seven or eight samples on top of each other. In conjunction with sampling and programmed beats, a number of rap artists, including Run-DMC and Gang Starr, sometimes used live musicians in creating backing tracks.
1982 计算机造出的声音从合成器, 包括可编程序的鼓机器, 开始被使用与小片一起从事先存在的录音。用数字技术到来, 1983 年抽样开始替换转盘样式切口和混合。以采样, DJs 能访问精确数字式酣然的叮咬和重建他们入新酣然的样式或拼贴画。最终抽样促进了在之前存在和独立地从它的用途由说唱艺术家) 的分层堆积被发现的声音(声音, 使交谈者譬如公敌安置七个或八个样品在彼此顶部。与采样和被编程的敲打一道, 一定数量的说唱艺术家, 包括跑DMC 和帮会Starr, 有时半新活音乐家在创造依托轨道。
III History
A The Roots of Rap
Rap music originated as a cross-cultural product. Most of its important early practitioners—including Kool Herc, D.J. Hollywood, and Afrika Bambaataa—were either immigrants or first-generation Americans of Caribbean ancestry. Herc and Hollywood are both credited with introducing the Jamaican style of cutting and mixing into the musical culture of the South Bronx. By most accounts Herc was the first DJ to buy two copies of the same record for just a 15-second break (rhythmic instrumental segment) in the middle. By mixing back and forth between the two copies he was able to double, triple, or indefinitely extend the break. In so doing, Herc effectively deconstructed and reconstructed so-called found sound, using the turntable as a musical instrument.
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历史
斥责根
说唱音乐发源作为一个cross-cultural 产品。多数它重要及早实习者包括Kool Herc, D.J. 好莱坞, 和Afrika Bambaataa 是或移民或加勒比祖先的第一代美国人。Herc 和好莱坞相信介绍切口牙买加样式和混合入南Bronx 的音乐文化。由多数帐户Herc 是第一DJ 买同样纪录的二个拷贝为15第二个断裂(节奏性有助段) 在中部。由混合反复在二个拷贝之间他能加倍, 使, 或不确定地扩大断裂成三倍。这样作, Herc deconstructed和有效地重建了所谓的被发现的声音, 使用转盘作为一个乐器。
While he was cutting with two turntables, Herc would also perform with the microphone in Jamaican toasting style—joking, boasting, and using myriad in-group references. Herc’s musical parties eventually gained notoriety and were often documented on cassette tapes that were recorded with the relatively new boombox, or blaster, technology. Taped duplicates of these parties rapidly made their way through the Bronx, Brooklyn, and uptown Manhattan, spawning a number of similar DJ acts. Among the new breed of DJs was Afrika Bambaataa, the first important Black Muslim in rap. (The Muslim presence would become very influential in the late 1980s.) Bambaataa often engaged in sound-system battles with Herc, similar to the so-called cutting contests in jazz a generation earlier. The sound system competitions were held at city parks, where hot-wired street lamps supplied electricity, or at local clubs. Bambaataa sometimes mixed sounds from rock-music recordings and television shows into the standard funk and disco fare that Herc and most of his followers relied upon. By using rock records, Bambaataa extended rap beyond the immediate reference points of contemporary black youth culture. By the 1990s any sound source was considered fair game and rap artists borrowed sounds from such disparate sources as Israeli folk music, bebop jazz records, and television news broadcasts.
当他用二个转盘切开, Herc 并且会执行与话筒在牙买加敬酒样式耍笑, 吹嘘, 和使用无数的在小组参考。Herc 的音乐党最终被得到的恶名和经常被提供了在被记录以相对地新boombox 的盒式磁带, 或爆裂药, 技术。这些党录音的复制品迅速地做了他们的方式通过Bronx 、布鲁克林, 和uptown 曼哈顿, 产生一定数量相似的DJ 行动。在DJs 之中新养殖是Afrika Bambaataa, 第一重要黑人穆斯林在斥责。(回教存在会变得非常显要在80年代晚期。) Bambaataa 及早经常参与了与Herc 的声音系统争斗, 相似与所谓的切口比赛在爵士乐世代。伴音系统竞争被拿着在城市公园,hot-wired 街灯提供电, 或在地方俱乐部。Bambaataa 有时混合了声音从岩石音乐录音并且电视节目入标准funk 和迪斯科经历那Herc 并且大多他的追随者依靠了。由使用岩石纪录, Bambaataa 扩大了斥责在直接参考点当代黑人青年文化之外。在90 年代以前任一个声源认为公平竞赛并且说唱艺术家从象以色列民间音乐、bebop 爵士乐纪录, 和电视新闻广播的如此不同的来源借用了声音。
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In 1976 Grandmaster Flash introduced the technique of quick mixing, in which sound bites as short as one or two seconds are combined for a collage effect. Quick mixing paralleled the rapid-editing style of television advertising used at the time. Shortly after Flash introduced quick mixing, his partner Grandmaster Melle Mel composed the first extended stories in rhymed rap. Up to this point, most of the words heard over the work of disc jockeys such as Herc, Bambaataa, and Flash had been improvised phrases and expressions. In 1978 DJ Grand Wizard Theodore introduced the technique of scratching to produce rhythmic patterns.
1976 年高段棋手一刹那介绍了技术快混合, 酣然的叮咬一样短象一两秒被结合为拼贴画作用。快混合平行了电视迅速编辑的样式做广告当时被使用。在闪光之后被介绍的快混合, 他的伙伴高段棋手Melle 麦组成了第一被扩大的故事在押韵的斥责。由这点决定, 大多词听见在音乐节目主持人工作譬如Herc, Bambaataa, 和闪光是被即兴创作的词组和表示。在1978 DJ 盛大巫术师西奥多介绍了技术抓导致节奏性样式。
B Rap Music
In 1979 the first two rap records appeared: “King Tim III (Personality Jock),” recorded by the Fatback Band, and “Rapper’s Delight,” by the Sugarhill Gang. A series of verses recited by the three members of the Sugarhill Gang, “Rapper’s Delight” became a national hit, reaching number 36 on the Billboard magazine popular music charts. The spoken content, mostly braggadocio spiced with fantasy, was derived largely from a pool of material used by most of the earlier rappers. The backing track for “Rapper’s Delight” was supplied by hired studio musicians, who replicated the basic groove of the hit song “Good Times” (1979) by the American disco group Chic.
说唱音乐
在1979 第一二个斥责纪录出现: "Tim 国王III (个性Jock)," 记录了由Fatback 带, 和"交谈者的欢欣,"由Sugarhill 帮会。一系列的诗歌由Sugarhill 帮会的三名成员背诵, "交谈者的欢欣" 成为了全国命中,到达第号36 在广告牌杂志流行音乐图。讲话的内容, 主要说大话加香料以幻想, 从材料水池主要被获得了由大多更加早期的交谈者用于。依托轨道为"交谈者的欢欣" 由雇用的演播室音乐家供应了, 复制流行歌曲"好时期" 基本的凹线(1979) 由美国迪斯科小组Chic 。
Perceived as novel by many white Americans, “Rapper’s Delight” quickly inspired “Rapture” (1980) by the new-wave band Blondie, as well as a number of other popular records. In 1982 Afrika Bambaataa’s “Planet Rock” became the first rap record to use synthesizers and an electronic drum machine. With this recording, rap artists began to create their own backing tracks rather than simply offering the work of others in a new context. A year later Bambaataa introduced the sampling capabilities of the emulator synthesizer on “Looking for the Perfect Beat” (1983).
察觉作为小说由许多白美国人, "交谈者的欢欣" 迅速启发了"着迷" (1980) 由新挥动带Blondie, 并且一定数量的其它普遍的纪录。1982 年Afrika Bambaataa 的"行星岩石" 成为了第一斥责纪录使用合成器和一个电子鼓机器。以这录音, 说唱艺术家开始创造他们自己的依托轨道而不是简单地提供其他人的工作在新上下文。一年后Bambaataa 介绍了仿真器合成器的采样能力在"寻找完善的敲打" (1983) 。
Sampling brought into question the ownership of sound. Some artists claimed that by sampling recordings of a prominent black artist, such as funk musician James Brown, they were challenging white corporate America and the recording industry’s right to own black cultural expression. More problematic was the fact that rap artists were also challenging Brown’s and other musicians’ right to own, control, and be compensated for the use of their intellectual creations. By the early 1990s a system had come about whereby most artists requested permission and negotiated some form of compensation for the use of samples. Some commonly sampled performers, such as funk musician George Clinton, released compact discs (CDs) containing dozens of sound bites specifically to facilitate sampling. One effect of sampling was a newfound sense of musical history among black youth. Earlier artists such as Brown and Clinton were celebrated as cultural heroes and their older recordings were reissued and repopularized. By the late 1990s, however, licensing samples had become so costly that many rappers began to create backing tracks and sounds from scratch instead.
采样带领了进入问题声音归属。一些艺术家声称了由抽样一位著名黑人艺术家的录音, 譬如funk 音乐家詹姆斯?布朗, 他们是富挑战性白色公司美国和录音产业的对自己的黑文化表示。更加疑难事实说唱艺术家并且向布朗的和其它音乐家挑战的对自己, 控制, 和被补尝对他们的智力创作的用途。在90 年代初期以前系统出现藉以多数艺术家请求了允许和谈判了某种报偿的形式至于对样品的使用。一些共同地抽样了执行者, 譬如funk 音乐家乔治?克林顿, 发布了光盘(CDs) 具体地包含许多酣然的叮咬促进抽样。采样的一个作用是音乐历史新发现的感觉在黑人青年之中。更加早期的艺术家譬如布朗和克林顿庆祝了当文化英雄和他们的更旧的录音被补发了和repopularized 。在90 年代末期以前, 然而, 准许样品变得很昂贵, 许多交谈者开始改为创造依托轨道和声音从头。
C Politically Conscious Rap and Gangsta Rap
During the mid-1980s, rap moved from the fringes to the mainstream of the American music industry as white musicians began to embrace the new style. In 1986 rap reached the top ten on the Billboard pop charts with “(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)” by the Beastie Boys and “Walk This Way” by Run-DMC and Aerosmith. Known for incorporating rock music into its raps, Run-DMC became one of the first rap groups to be featured regularly on MTV (Music Television). Also during the mid-1980s, the first female rap group of consequence, Salt-N-Pepa, released the singles “The Show Stoppa” (1985) and “Push It” (1987); “Push It” reached the top 20 on Billboard’s pop charts.
政治上神志清楚的斥责和Gangsta 斥责
在80 年代中期期间, 斥责从边缘行动了向美国音乐界的主流当白音乐家开始接受新样式。在1986 斥责被到达名列前茅十在广告牌流行音乐图以"(您得到了) 斗争为您权利(对党!)" 由Beastie 男孩和"走这样" 由跑DMC 和Aerosmith 。知道为合并摇滚乐入它的斥责, 跑DMC 成为了第一斥责小组的当中一个通常以为特色在MTV (音乐电视) 。并且在80 年代中期期间, 第一女性斥责小组后果, 盐N Pepa, 发布了选拔"展示Stoppa" (1985) 并且"推挤它" (1987); "推挤它" 到达了名列前茅20 在广告牌的流行音乐图
In the late 1980s a large segment of rap became highly politicized, resulting in the most overt social agenda in popular music since the urban folk movement of the 1960s. The groups Public Enemy and Boogie Down Productions epitomized this political style of rap. Public Enemy came to prominence with their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), and the theme song “Fight the Power” from the motion picture Do the Right Thing (1989), by African American filmmaker Spike Lee. Proclaiming the importance of rap in black American culture, Public Enemy’s lead rapper, Chuck D, referred to it as the “black CNN” (Cable News Network).
在80 年代晚期斥责的大段成为了高度参与政事, 造成最公开的社会议程在流行音乐从60 年代的都市民间运动。小组公敌和Boogie 生产下来代表了斥责这政治样式。公敌走向突起与他们的第二册页, 它采取成千上万的国家拿着我们(1988), 并且主题歌"战斗力量" 从电影做正确的事(1989), 由非裔美国人摄制者钉李?Proclaiming斥责的重要性在黑美国文化, 公敌的主角交谈者, Chuck D, 提到了它作为"黑CNN" (有线新闻网) 。
Alongside the rise of political rap came the introduction of gangsta rap, which attempts to depict an outlaw lifestyle of sex, drugs, and gang violence in inner-city America. In 1988 Straight Outta Compton, the first major album of gangsta rap, was released by the Southern California rap group Niggaz with Attitude (N.W.A). Songs from the album generated an extraordinary amount of controversy for their violent images and inspired protests from a number of organizations, including the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). However, attempts to censor gangsta rap only served to publicize the music and make it more attractive to both black and white youths. N.W.A became a platform for launching the solo careers of some of the most influential rappers and rap producers in the gangsta style, including Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, and Eazy-E.
沿着政治斥责的上升来了gangsta 斥责的介绍, 试图描述性、药物, 和帮会暴力禁止生活方式在贫民区美国。在1988 平直的Outta 坎顿, gangsta 斥责第一主要册页, 由南部的加利福尼亚斥责小组Niggaz 发布了以态度(N.W.A) 。歌曲从册页引起了非凡相当数量争论为他们的猛烈图象和启发了抗议从一定数量的组织, 包括FBI (联邦调查局) 。但是, 企图检察gangsta 斥责只用于公开音乐和使它有吸引力对黑色和白色青年时期。N.W.A 成为了一个平台为开始一些的独奏事业最显要的交谈者和斥责生产商在gangsta 样式, 包括Dre, 冰块博士, 和Eazy-E 。
IV Current Trends
In the 1990s rap became increasingly eclectic, demonstrating a seemingly limitless capacity to draw samples from any and all musical forms. A number of rap artists have borrowed from jazz, using samples as well as live music. Some of the most influential jazz-rap recordings include Jazzamatazz (1993), an album by Boston rapper Guru, and “Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia)” (1993), a single by the British group US3. In the United Kingdom, jazz-rap evolved into a genre known as trip-hop, the most prominent artists and groups being Tricky and Massive Attack. As rap became increasingly part of the American mainstream in the 1990s, political rap became less prominent while gangsta rap, as epitomized by the Geto Boys, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Biggie Smalls (The Notorious B.I.G.), Tupac Shakur, and Puff Daddy (P. Diddy) grew in popularity. In the late 1990s some rappers—such as Master P in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Puff Daddy in New York City—became entrepreneurs as well, starting highly successful record labels as well as myriad spin-off companies. Popular rappers as the 21st century began included Jay-Z, Ja Rule, Eve, Eminem, Outkast, and Mystikal.
当前的趋向
在90 年代之内斥责变得越来越折衷, 展示表面上不可限量的容量得出样品从任何和所有音乐形式。一定数量的说唱艺术家从爵士乐借用了, 使用样品并且实况音乐。一些最显要爵士乐敲击录音包括Jazzamatazz (1993), 册页由波士顿交谈者宗师, 和"Cantaloop (轻碰幻想曲)" (1993), 唯一由英国的小组US3 。在英国, 爵士乐敲击转变成风格以旅行蛇麻草、最著名的艺术家和小组著名是棘手和巨型的攻击。当斥责越来越成为了一部分的美国主流在90 年代, 政治斥责变得较不突出当gangsta 斥责, 依照由Geto 男孩, Snoop 小狗Dogg, Biggie Smalls (臭名远扬的B.I.G.), Tupac Shakur, 和吹爸爸(P. Diddy) 代表增长在大众化。在90 年代晚期某一交谈者这样作为大师P 在新奥尔良、路易斯安那, 和吹爸爸在纽约以及无数的附带公司城市成为了企业家, 开始高度成功的记录标签。普遍的交谈者作为21 世纪开始了包括的杰伊Z, Ja 规则, 伊芙、Eminem 、Outkast, 和Mystikal 。
V Social Significance
Since the mid-1980s rap music has greatly influenced both black and white culture in North America. Much of the slang of hip-hop culture, including such terms as dis, fly, def, chill, and wack, have become standard parts of the vocabulary of a significant number of young people of various ethnic origins. Many rap enthusiasts assert that rap functions as a voice for a community without access to the mainstream media. According to advocates, rap serves to engender self-pride, self-help, and self-improvement, communicating a positive and fulfilling sense of black history that is largely absent from other American institutions. Political rap artists have spurred interest in the Black Muslim movement as articulated by minister Louis Farrakhan, generating much criticism from those who view Farrakhan as a racist. Gangsta rap has also been severely criticized for lyrics that many people interpret as glorifying the most violent and misogynistic (woman-hating) imagery in the history of popular music. The style’s popularity with middle-class whites has been attacked as vicarious thrill-seeking of the most insidious sort. Critics note that violence has been more than just a popular subject for rap lyrics; Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls were both gunned down in separate gang-style killings in 1996 and 1997. Defenders of gangsta rap argue that the music is a legitimate form of artistic expression and accurately portrays life in inner-city America. Whatever one’s stance on these issues, rap music inarguably has carved out a space for the expression of inner-city black culture that is unprecedented in American history.
社会意义
从80 年代中期说唱音乐很大地影响了黑和白色文化在北美洲。许多配合敲打并以节律唱诵的音乐文化俗话, 包括如此期限象dis, 飞行、def 、冷颤, 和wack, 有各种各样的种族起源的青年人的一个重大数字的词汇量的成为的标准部份。许多斥责热心者断言, 斥责功能作为声音为一个社区没有对主流媒介的通入。根据提倡者, 斥责用于造成自己自豪感、自助, 和self-improvement, 通信正面和履行是主要缺席的从其它美国机关黑历史的感觉。政治说唱艺术家依照由部长路易斯?Farrakhan 明确表达激励了兴趣在黑回教运动上, 引起批评从那些观看Farrakhan 作为种族主义者。Gangsta 斥责严厉地并且被批评了为许多人解释作为赞美最猛烈和misogynistic 的抒情诗(妇女恨的) 成像在流行音乐的历史上。样式的大众化以中产阶级白色被攻击了象vicarious 兴奋寻找最阴险的排序。评论家注意到, 暴力是更多比一个普遍的主题为斥责抒情诗; Tupac Shakur 和Biggie Smalls 开了枪下来在分开的帮会样式杀害1996 年和1997 年。gangsta 斥责的防御者争辩说, 音乐是艺术性的表示的一个合法的形式和准确地刻画生活在贫民区美国。什么某人的姿态关于这些问题, 说唱音乐inarguably 雕刻了在空间之外为贫民区是史无前例的在美国历史上的黑色文化表示。
Rap，在中国人的字典里有两个词可以代替，“说唱”和“饶舌”。前者是一种源于民间的古老艺术，后者是一种婆婆妈妈，唧唧歪歪的作风(如《大话西游》里的唐僧)。据考证中国早在十一世纪就有世界上最长的说唱史诗《格萨尔王》，比美国早了整整九百年，这样看来Rap还算得上咱中国的第五大发明呢。
