灭绝人性的十大人体试验编辑本段回目录
[警告]本文包含了人体实验的具体描述和影像，可能造成某些读者的不适。随着时代的变迁，人体实验和研究的道德规范也随之变化。有时，人体实验的对象是囚犯、奴隶，甚至是家人。在一些著名的案例中，有些医生因为不愿意将他人的生命置于险地，他们选择在自己身上进行实验，这被称为“亲身实验”。本文罗列了十大在人体上进行的丧尽天良、令人发指的实验。
10 Stanford Prison Experiment
10 斯坦福监禁实验
The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological study of human responses to captivity and its behavioral effects on both authorities and inmates in prison. The experiment was conducted in 1971 by a team of researchers led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University. Undergraduate volunteers played the roles of both guards and prisoners living in a mock prison in the basement of the Stanford psychology building.
“斯坦福监禁实验”研究的是人类对于被囚禁态的心理反应，以及其对囚犯和监狱管理人员产生的行为性影响。1971年，以斯坦福大学心理学教授Philip Zimbardo为首的研究小组开始着手从事该实验。在校大学生志愿者分别充当监狱守卫和囚犯的角色，在斯坦福大学心理楼的地下模拟监狱中生活
Prisoners and guards rapidly adapted to their roles, stepping beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted and leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations. One-third of the guards were judged to have exhibited “genuine” sadistic tendencies, while many prisoners were emotionally traumatized and two had to be removed from the experiment early. Finally, Zimbardo, alarmed at the increasingly abusive anti-social behavior from his subjects, terminated the entire experiment early.
囚犯和守卫都很快地进入了他们各自的角色，甚至超出了预计的模拟实验范围，这使得实验对象陷入了精神创伤的危险境地。三分之一的守卫被判定显现出有“真实的”暴虐倾向，而许多囚犯受到心理创伤，其中两人甚至提前退出了实验。最终，津巴多教授因为担心其实验中日趋膨胀的反社会暴虐倾向，提前终止了整个实验。
9 The Monster Study
9 野兽实验
The Monster Study was a stuttering experiment on 22 orphan children in Davenport, Iowa, in 1939 conducted by Wendell Johnson at the University of Iowa. Johnson chose one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to conduct the experiment and he supervised her research. After placing the children in control and experimental groups, Tudor gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of their speech, and negative speech therapy to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of their life. Dubbed “The Monster Study” by some of Johnson’s peers who were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to prove a theory, the experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson’s reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the Monster Study in 2001.
“恶魔研究”是爱荷华州的大学教授温德尔·约翰逊于1939年对爱荷华州达文波特的22名孤儿进行的一项“口吃”实验。约翰逊让他的一位学生玛丽·图多来做这个实验，他负责监督及指导研究。将孩子们分别分为实验组和对照组之后，图多对其中一半的孩子进行肯定性的语言矫正，鼓励和称赞孩子们说话流畅；同时对另一半孩子进行否定性的语言矫正，对他们言语中出现的瑕疵进行挖苦，并不断说他们是结巴。许多有正常语言能力的孤儿在实验中接受否定性的语言矫正之后，都遭受了消极的心理影响，有些孩子甚至一生中不能摆脱言语障碍的困扰。约翰逊的一些同事将该实验称为“恶魔研究”，只是为了证明一个理论，约翰逊竟然用孤儿来做这样的实验，他的同事对此惊骇不已。由于害怕公众认为约翰逊仿效二战中纳粹人体实验的做法而使其声名受损，该实验曾一度被掩盖。爱荷华州大学于2001年公开为进行“恶魔研究”表示道歉。
8 Project 4.1
8. 4.1计划
Project 4.1 was the designation for a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Marshall Islands exposed to radioactive fallout from the March 1, 1954 Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, which had an unexpectedly large yield. For the first decade after the test, the effects were ambiguous and statistically difficult to correlate to radiation exposure: miscarriages and stillbirths among exposed Rongelap women doubled in the first five years after the accident, but then returned to normal; some developmental difficulties and impaired growth appeared in children, but in no clear-cut pattern. In the decades that followed, though, the effects were undeniable. Children began to suffer disproportionately from thyroid cancer (due to exposure to radioiodines), and almost a third of those exposed developed neoplasms by 1974.
“四一计划”是美国在1954年3月1日于比基尼环礁上一个当量大到超乎想像的氢弹试验“喝彩城堡”之后，对暴露在散落的放射性尘埃中的马绍尔群岛居民进行的一项医学研究的代称。在核试验后起初的十年，岛上居民受到的影响并不显著，统计数据也无法说明这些影响与受到辐射这一事实有必然联系：最初五年里，受到辐射的当地妇女流产率、死产率翻了一番，但随后即恢复到正常水平；孩子中出现了发育障碍和生长缺陷，并无确切的模式可循。然在接下来的十年中，辐射的影响是无容置疑的。到1974为止，孩子们相继不正常地患上甲状腺癌（由于暴露于放射物之中），几乎三分之一受辐射的岛民出现赘生性肿瘤。
As a Department of Energy Committee writing on the human radiation experiments wrote, “It appears to have been almost immediately apparent to the AEC and the Joint Task Force running the Castle series that research on radiation effects could be done in conjunction with the medical treatment of the exposed populations.” The DOE report also concluded that “The dual purpose of what is now a DOE medical program has led to a view by the Marshallese that they were being used as ‘guinea pigs’ in a ‘radiation experiment.’”
（美）能源委员会某部门在关于人类辐射试验记录中写道：“美国原子能委员会和进行了该系列核试验的联合特遣部队很快意识到，该放射性研究需要在对受到辐射人群进行医学治疗的帮助下一同完成。” 美国能源部的报告同样认为“现在美国能源部医疗计划的双重目的让马绍尔群岛居民认为他们是‘辐射试验’中的‘小白鼠’。”
7 Project MKULTRA
7 MKULTRA计划
Project MKULTRA, or MK-ULTRA, was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s and continued at least through the late 1960s. There is much published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methodologies, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.
MKULTRA计划，或称MK-ULTRA计划，是美国中情局的一项精神控制研究的代号，研究由其科学情报处进行，始于二十世纪50年代初期并至少在60年代末期仍在继续。有许多发表了的证据显示这项计划暗中利用多种药物及其他方法来控制人的精神状态，改变其大脑机能。
Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject’s knowledge and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U.S. agreed to follow after WWII.
该实验让美国中情局职员、军人、医生、其他政府特工、妓女、精神病人和普通民众服用LSD（译者：致幻剂，或摇头丸）来研究人们对这种药物产生的反应。实验对象通常在不知情的情况下服用这些药物，这违反了二战后美国同意签订的纽伦堡法案的精神。
Efforts to “recruit” subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, and the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors and the “sessions” were filmed for later viewing and study.
即使不考虑受害者是被下药的这一事实，招募实验对象的过程也大多是违法的，（虽然在1966年10月6日前，LSD的使用在美国是合法的）。在午夜高潮行动中，美国中情局在一些妓院中下套，以控制一些因为面子问题而羞于提起此事的人。人们不知情地服用LSD，妓院中设有单向镜像，服药“全程”被摄录下来以备日后观看和研究。
In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKULTRA virtually impossible.
1973年，美国中情局局长理查德海默斯下令销毁所有MKULTRA计划的文件。依照该命令，中情局中大多数关于此计划的文件都被销毁，致使对MKULTRA计划的完整研究基本上无可能实现。
6 The Aversion Project
6 烦恶计划
South Africa’s apartheid army forced white lesbian and gay soldiers to undergo ‘sex-change’ operations in the 1970′s and the 1980′s, and submitted many to chemical castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical experiments. Although the exact number is not known, former apartheid army surgeons estimate that as many as 900 forced ‘sexual reassignment’ operations may have been performed between 1971 and 1989 at military hospitals, as part of a top-secret program to root out homosexuality from the service.
南非的种族隔离军队于二十世纪七十年代和八十年代间，强迫白人男女同性恋士兵接受变性手术，并强迫其中的许多人进行化学性阉割、电击以及其他丧尽天良的医学实验。虽然掌握不到准确的数字，但是据前种族隔离军队的外科医生估计，在1971到1989年间，军医院中已进行了900多例“性别重塑手术”，这只是从军队中抹除同性恋的绝密计划的一部分。
Army psychiatrists aided by chaplains aggressively ferreted out suspected homosexuals from the armed forces, sending them discretely to military psychiatric units, chiefly ward 22 of 1 Military Hospital at Voortrekkerhoogte, near Pretoria. Those who could not be ‘cured’ with drugs, aversion shock therapy, hormone treatment, and other radical ‘psychiatric’ means were chemically castrated or given sex-change operations.
由牧师协助的心理治疗师把军营翻了个遍，以找出疑似的同性恋士兵，随后将他们分别送往军中的各个精神治疗单位，其中主要送往一家位于比勒陀利亚边上的 Voortrekkerhoogte 的军医院中的22号病区。那些不能用药物、厌恶疗法、激素疗法等极端“精神疗法”“治愈”的士兵则被进行化学去势或进行变形手术。
Although several cases of lesbian soldiers abused have been documented so far—including one botched sex-change operation—most of the victims appear to have been young, 16 to 24-year-old white males drafted into the apartheid army.
虽然目前有记录的女同性恋伤害案例仅有数起，包括一次不成功的变性手术，大多数的受害者都十分年轻，白人男性在16岁到24岁应征入伍。
Dr. Aubrey Levin (the head of the study) is now Clinical Professor in the Department of Psychiatry (Forensic Division) at the University of Calgary’s Medical School. He is also in private practice, as a member in good standing of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta.
Aubrey Levin医生（该研究的负责人）现在是卡尔加里医学院精神病专科（法证分类）临床教授。同时他也以阿尔伯达省内外科医师学会成员的身份开了一家私人诊所。
5 North Korean Experimentation
5 北朝鲜实验
There have been many reports of North Korean human experimentation. These reports show human rights abuses similar to those of Nazi and Japanese human experimentation in World War II. These allegations of human rights abuses are denied by the North Korean government, who claim that all prisoners in North Korea are humanely treated.
关于北朝鲜人体实验的报道多如牛毛。这些报道揭露了人权在北朝鲜受到侵害，就如同二战中纳粹和日本进行的人体实验一般。朝鲜政府对此指控矢口否认，声称所有的北朝鲜囚犯都得到人道的对待。
One former North Korean woman prisoner tells how 50 healthy women prisoners were selected and given poisoned cabbage leaves, which all the women had to eat despite cries of distress from those who had already eaten. All 50 were dead after 20 minutes of vomiting blood and anal bleeding. Refusing to eat would have meant reprisals against them and their families.
一名在北朝鲜曾入过狱的女囚控诉了50名健康的女囚是如何在被挑选出来后，食用毒性白菜的。虽然吃了菜的女囚在不断绝望地哭喊，她们人人都不得不食用这些白菜。50名女囚在经过了20分钟的吐血和肛门出血之后，最终全部死亡。拒绝食用这些东西便意味着她们或她们的家人会遭到报复。
Kwon Hyok, a former prison Head of Security at Camp 22, described laboratories equipped respectively for poison gas, suffocation gas and blood experiments, in which 3 or 4 people, normally a family, are the experimental subjects. After undergoing medical checks, the chambers are sealed and poison is injected through a tube, while “scientists” observe from above through glass. Kwon Hyok claims to have watched one family of 2 parents, a son and a daughter die from suffocating gas, with the parents trying to save the children using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for as long as they had the strength.
权岳，曾为22号集中营的警备负责人，是这样描述的：在配备有毒气、窒息性气体和血液实验设备的实验室中，3到4个人，他们通常是一家人，在这成为实验对象。在体检过后，密封室关闭，毒气从管子注入室内，而“科学家们”则在玻璃的另一边观察实验状况。权岳称其曾见过由双亲、一子一女组成的一家在窒息气体中毙命，而父母拼上了最后一口气也要试图通过人工呼吸来拯救他们的孩子。
4 Poison laboratory of the Soviets
4 苏联毒药实验室
The Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, also known as Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12 and “The Chamber”, was a covert poison research and development facility of the Soviet secret police agencies. The Soviets tested a number of deadly poisons on prisoners from the Gulag (“enemies of the people”), including mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin and many others. The goal of the experiments was to find a tasteless, odorless chemical that could not be detected post mortem. Candidate poisons were given to the victims, with a meal or drink, as “medication”.
苏联特务机关的毒药实验室也被称为1号实验室、12号实验室及“会所”，是苏联秘密警察机构的一个隐秘的毒药研究与开发机构。苏联将芥子气、蓖麻蛋白、洋地黄毒苷等致命毒药应用于Gulag（人民的敌人）身上。实验的目的在于找到一种无味、无臭的化学物质，这种物质在验尸时无法被检测到。候选毒药则被掺在饮食中作为“药物”给受害者服下。
Finally, a preparation with the desired properties called C-2 was developed. According to witness testimonies, the victim changed physically, became shorter, weakened quickly, became calm and silent and died within fifteen minutes. Mairanovsky brought to the laboratory people of varied physical condition and ages in order to have a more complete picture about the action of each poison.
最终，一种满足所有属性要求的名为C-2的药剂配制了出来。目击者的证言称，受害者体格上发生了变化，变得更矮，迅速虚弱，变得沉默平静，最终在15分钟时死亡。玛兰诺夫斯基将处在不同生理状态和年龄的人带到实验室，以更全面地获得各种毒药的药性特征。
In addition to human experimentation, Mairanovsky personally executed people with poisons, under the supervision of Pavel Sudoplatov.
除人体实验外，玛兰诺夫斯基还在帕维尔·苏多普拉托夫将军的命令下私自用毒药处决囚犯。
3 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
3 塔斯克吉梅毒研究
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a clinical study, conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama, in which 399 (plus 201 control group without syphilis) poor — and mostly illiterate — African American sharecroppers were denied treatment for Syphilis.
利用黑人男性来进行的塔斯基吉未处理梅毒研究是一项临床研究，该研究在1932至1972年间在阿拉巴马州的塔斯基吉城进行，在实验中，399名（另外还有201未患病者作为对照组）贫困潦倒非裔美国佃农梅毒病患被拒绝接受治疗。
This study became notorious because it was conducted without due care to its subjects, and led to major changes in how patients are protected in clinical studies. Individuals enrolled in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did not give informed consent and were not informed of their diagnosis; instead they were told they had “bad blood” and could receive free medical treatment, rides to the clinic, meals and burial insurance in case of death in return for participating. In 1932, when the study started, standard treatments for syphilis were toxic, dangerous, and of questionable effectiveness. Part of the original goal of the study was to determine if patients were better off not being treated with these toxic remedies. For many participants, treatment was intentionally denied. Many patients were lied to and given placebo treatments—in order to observe the fatal progression of the disease.
这个实验臭名昭著，因为实验是在没有对其实验对象提供应有的照顾的情况下进行的，这也致使了临床研究中病患保护原则的重大变化。所有参加梅毒实验的人均没有签署知情同意书，也没有获得过任何诊断结果；相反他们被告知他们“血液不好”，可以接受免费治疗，免费乘车到诊所，免费用餐，如果意外死亡还能因参加治疗而获得丧葬费用。1932年，也就是研究开始的时候，一般的梅毒治疗方案是有毒性的，危险的而且不怎么有效。该实验的一个目的之一便是查看病患是否在不经过任何毒性治疗的情况下会有所好转。所以很多病人的治疗便被人为地拒绝了。很多病患受到了欺骗，并服下安慰剂——这样做只是为了观察该疾病的致命过程。
By the end of the study, only 74 of the test subjects were still alive. Twenty-eight of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis.
在实验结束时，只有74名实验对象存活。28名男子直接死于梅毒，100名则死于其他相关并发症，他们的配偶有40人受到感染，他们的孩子中有19名患有胎传性梅毒。
2 Unit 731
2 731部队
Unit 731 was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. It was responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes carried out by Japanese personnel.
731部队是日本皇军一支秘密生化武器研发单位，该部队在二战侵华战争期间（1937-1945）用人体进行致死实验。日本军队最令人发指的战争犯罪则有一部分是这一部队犯下的。
Some of the numerous atrocities committed by the commander Shiro Ishii and others under his command in Unit 731 include: vivisection of living people (including pregnant women who were impregnated by the doctors), prisoners had limbs amputated and reattached to other parts of their body, some prisoners had parts of their bodies frozen and thawed to study the resulting untreated gangrene. Humans were also used as living test cases for grenades and flame throwers. Prisoners were injected with strains of diseases, disguised as vaccinations, to study their effects. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases, male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea via rape, then studied. A complete list of these horrors can be found here.
731部队的指挥官石井四郎及其下属犯下的众多暴行中的一些有：活体解剖（包括受到人工受精而怀孕的孕妇），切除囚徒四肢并将肢体重新接续到身体的其他部位，一些囚徒的部分肢体受到冷冻后再解冻，以研究因此而引发的组织坏死。活人同时也被用作手榴弹和火焰投射器的实验对象。囚徒被假借接种疫苗的名义注射疾病样品，以研究其效果。为了研究性病不经治疗的情况，男女囚徒被强奸，有意使其患上梅毒和淋病，以便研究。
Having been granted immunity by the American Occupation Authorities at the end of the war, Ishii never spent any time in jail for his crimes and died at the age of 67 of throat cancer.
因为在战争结束时石井四郎获得了美国占领军队官方的赦免，他并没有因为他犯下的罪行而在狱中度过余生，他在67岁死于咽喉癌。
1 Nazi Experiments
1 纳粹实验
Nazi human experimentation was medical experimentation on large numbers of people by the German Nazi regime in its concentration camps during World War II. At Auschwitz, under the direction of Dr. Eduard Wirths, selected inmates were subjected to various experiments which were supposedly designed to help German military personnel in combat situations, to aid in the recovery of military personnel that had been injured, and to advance the racial ideology backed by the Third Reich.
纳粹人体实验是基于德国纳粹在二战期间掌控的集中营之上的大规模医学实验。在埃德瓦尔德·威尔茨的领导下， 奥斯威辛集中营选择一些囚徒来作为各种实验的对象，这些实验旨在在于帮助提高德国士兵在战场中的表现，帮助军中伤员的恢复，提升第三帝国提倡的种族观念。
Experiments on twin children in concentration camps were created to show the similarities and differences in the genetics and eugenics of twins, as well as to see if the human body can be unnaturally manipulated. The central leader of the experiments was Dr. Josef Mengele, who performed experiments on over 1,500 sets of imprisoned twins, of which fewer than 200 individuals survived the studies. Dr. Mengele organized the testing of genetics in twins. The twins were arranged by age and sex and kept in barracks in between the test, which ranged from the injection of different chemicals into the eyes of the twins to see if it would change their colors to literally sewing the twins together in hopes of creating conjoined twins.
对集中营的双胞胎进行实验的目的在于说明双胞胎在遗传和优生上的异同，同时也研究人类身体是否能够通过非自主方式受到操控。该研究的的中心领导是约瑟夫·门格尔医生，他在超过1500对双胞胎身上实施了实验，这些双胞胎最终只有200多些人最终存活下来。门格尔医生在将双胞胎按照性别和年龄进行编排，将他们置于营房之内以备实验，实验从将各种化学药剂注入双胞胎的眼中，以研究是否能借此改变眼睛的颜色，到将双胞胎缝在一起，以图创造连体婴。
In 1942 the Luftwaffe conducted experiments to learn how to treat hypothermia. One study forced subjects to endure a tank of ice water for up to three hours (see image above). Another study placed prisoners naked in the open for several hours with temperatures below freezing. The experimenters assessed different ways of rewarming survivors.
1942年德国空军实验研究如何解决低体温问题。其中一个实验的内容是强迫实验对象在充满冰水的水箱内坚持3小时（见上图）。另外一个实验则是将囚徒脱光衣服扔到温度低于零度的室外数小时。实验员对各种让实验幸存者回复体温的方法进行评估。
From about July 1942 to about September 1943, experiments to investigate the effectiveness of sulfonamide, a synthetic antimicrobial agent, were conducted at Ravensbrück. Wounds inflicted on the subjects were infected with bacteria such as Streptococcus, gas gangrene, and tetanus. Circulation of blood was interrupted by tying off blood vessels at both ends of the wound to create a condition similar to that of a battlefield wound. Infection was aggravated by forcing wood shavings and ground glass into the wounds. The infection was treated with sulfonamide and other drugs to determine their effectiveness.
从1942年起到1943年9月，纳粹在Ravensbrück进行了检验研究磺胺类药物，一种人工合成的抗菌剂的有效性的实验。强加到实验对象身上的伤口被感染链球菌、芽孢梭菌属厌氧菌、破伤风菌等细菌。伤口的两端被束紧，以阻碍血液循环，这样便模拟出了一种类似战场上的伤口。将木屑与玻璃渣被推入伤口以使其进一步感染。这些伤口则使用磺胺等药物来治疗，以检验药物是否有效。
