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最新历史版本 :网络公民 返回词条

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网民公民(Netizen),网络公民是那些有基本的道德修养、个人素质,具备个人独立判断,对自己言论负责的网民。具有“较高素质,独立判断能力”。

网民也就是日常经常上网的人。简单来说,假如互联网是一个国家的话,网民就是这个国家的公民。它是一个概念模糊的词,没有确切的定义。来自英语的Netizen,是一个混成词,语源自“互联网”(Internet)及“市民”(citizen)两个概念。“Netizen”在英语里像1990年代末互联网泡沫的许多词汇一样没有被流行化。现在常用来表达此词义的英语词汇是“web user”(网络用户)。作为一个网民,他每天都要花上数个小时在网上。这些时间可能他在工作、可能在阅读电子邮件、也可能在聊天室或留言板与其他人交谈。在中国大陆,他们会称呼一些经常呆在网上的人为网虫。这些网虫很可能已经把日常生活的大部份工作,例如:安排会议、记事等各种功能都搬到网上的门户网站去。另外,再加上现时各种各样的移动通信设备,使网民即使离开了办公室及家居,仍然可以随时随地的上网。

社会学意义
一般来说,网民都经常光顾各网络论坛,并对某一事件或主题发表自己的看法。在网络上,由于其真实身份被屏障了,人们可以获得相对更多的舆论自由,因此网民的观点经常被看成是民意的真实反映。互联网民使网民的力量更容易聚合为一,组成社会中的一种新力量──第五权。

目录

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定义回目录

A Netizen (a portmanteau of Internet and citizen) or cybercitizen is a person actively involved in online communities.

(图)NetizenNetizen

Netizens can use the Internet to engage in activities of extended social groups, such as giving and receiving viewpoints, furnishing information, fostering the Internet as an intellectual and a social resource, and making choices for the self-assembled communities. Generally, a netizen can be any user of the worldwide, unstructured forums of the Internet. The word netizen itself was coined by Michael Hauben.

Generally, Netizens are Internet users who utilize the networks from their home, workplace, or school (among other places). Netizens try to be conducive to the Internet's use and growth. Netizens, who use and know about the network of networks, usually have a self-imposed responsibility to make certain that it is improved in its development while encouraging free speech and open access. Netizens' use of the Internet around the world has been marked by:

Medium Description
E-mail Delivery of letters by means of the Internet, as a replacement to the traditional based paper correspondence letters.
Online chat Establishing of one-on-one or group conversations by means of the Internet.
Instant messaging Software which enables real time conversations without the need of using a website (in contrast to online chats).
Internet fora Web Sites which serve to hold discussions in defined subjects.
Online games Multiplayer Computer games which are played through the Internet.
Blog A kind of log in which the writer(s) writes in it in any possible subject in which he or she desires to talk discuss at any time the author(s) so desires, and in which the writer(s) control access to.
Feedback comment system A Mechanism used in web sites to post responses from the internet users, which is mostly used in the news web sites, in blogs and in the other additional sites
File sharing A technology which enables the internet users to share files from their computers with other internet users, and in return the same internet user is capable of downloading files from the computer of other internet users. This enables the fast distribution, not always legal, of software, music, etc.
Gopher A distributed document search and retrieval network protocol designed for the Internet. Its goal is to function as an improved form of Anonymous FTP, enhanced with hyperlinking features similar to that of the World Wide Web.
Wiki A collection of web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content, using a simplified markup language.

In internet commerce, Netizens in an internet community form a social commerce framework with other netizens of the global community.

The term was frequently used in Korea where there were vigorous netizens movements. The election of President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea in 2002 is widely attributed to the support for him among South Korean netizens, especially OhmyNews.

“网民”概念起源于20世纪90年代回目录

图为美国互联网网民领域专家Ronda Hauben。

  人民网北京9月14日电 (记者 郭晶)今天上午,美国互联网网民领域专家Ronda Hauben在“首届中国网民文化节庆典”上谈及网民概念的起源,称是迈克尔在20世纪90年代通过其研究和著作提出的概念,把那些有社会责任感,关注公共利益的网络使用者称为网民。

  1992年迈克尔通过计算机网络发出了一系列问题来问互联网网民,他们的互联网体验是什么样,通过调查问卷他得到非常惊讶的结论,这些网民感兴趣的不仅仅是互联网能够给他们自己带来什么样的好处,更重要的是如何能够更好的传播互联网,如何通过互联网建设一个更美好的世界。迈克尔把那些有社会责任感,关注公共利益的网络使用者称为网民。Ronda Hauben对此说,从这个概念可以看出,网民不包括所有的网络使用者,而是那些关注公共利益的网络使用者。

  Ronda Hauben说,互联网是国际的,不受地理区域限制的概念,可以看到网民不是一个国家的公民,而是整个网络的公民。这些用户是互联网授权的用户,他们称为网民,迈克尔先生还写过一篇文章《网络对人们生活的影响》,网民的概念通过这篇文章得到广泛的传播,正是通过互联网使网民概念得到更好的传播。

现在是一个属于网民的新时代?回目录

欢迎来到21世纪,在这里你是一个网民,以一个公民的身份生活在这一网络世界,你该感谢全球互联,通过网络把一切都变得可能。(出自《网络与网民》一文)

以上文字出自1993年春天在互联网上登载的一个帖子,它通过开创性研究提出了“网民”这一概念,使这一新生事物开始得到人们的认知。

伴随着互联网在20世纪90年代持续发展与传播,网民这一队伍逐渐壮大,正是这个人群的活跃参与大力推进了网络的传播,促进互联网从一个单纯的通讯工具不断创造出一个又一个新的应用。

自从这一帖子上传到互联网以来,“网民”这一概念得到了广泛传播。

网民的出现是互联网的创造和发展过程中取得的重要成就之一,虽说这是一个成就,但目前并没有得到更多的关注。

本次访谈活动将探讨如何看待网民这一人群的崛起,通过网民所扮演的角色以及被在线用户拥护等现象探究这一过程。同时也将探讨网民的发展带来的各种影响,尤其是对公民的概念、新闻传播业的冲击。

我们也将提出一个问题,随着互联网和网民的不断发展与壮大,我们是否正在跨进一个新的时代,一个所谓的“网民时代”?

至今,各国的网民都在感激互联网带来的全球互联。在35年前,互联网的发展始于一个协作的科研项目。最开始的时候,互联网并不常被人们认可是一个世界性的进步,而科学家JCR Licklider博士的设想为扩大互联网的社会和国际影响提供了坚实的基础。

网络公民崛起:我们发出理性的声音回目录

  公民的概念,一直以来,人们更多地是热衷权利的一面,却忽略了责任与担当。网络公民所倡导的,正是要重塑人们的认知,两者兼备,既有公民权的自我觉醒,也有应尽责任、义务。

——奥一网副总编辑蓝云、陈谷川、孙国瑜

  2007年作为“公共事件元年”,网络公民的崛起、公民意识的表达,深度介入并有效推进,奥一网在其中发挥了不可或缺的排头兵作用,在准确判断网络民主在中国的独特意义后,奥一网强力打造网络公民概念,希望和广大网友一道,重塑网络价值道德体系。

  网络公民坚守理性:意见领袖终将主宰互联网

  欧盟是人类历史上最伟大的创造之一,不只是在整合中消除了国境边界,其伟大意义更在于,人们超越并放弃了家仇国恨,抛弃了世俗的纷争、障碍,人为的设限,把眼光放到了人类的普世价值之上。网络公民的出现,其意义同样如此。

  公民,英文中称Citizen,这个法律范畴的词汇,在中西方的定义中略有差别,但从古希腊雅典和古罗马城邦时期至今,与其联动呼应的,始终是国人昔日惊呼的“德先生”———民主。

  今天,现实中的你是一个主权国家的公民,一旦牵条网线,挥动鼠标敲击键盘,就被叫做网民。某种意义上讲,你在不知不觉中也可能扮演着一个叫“网络公民”的角色。

  每一条网线的终端都是人,曾经的星星之火,被点对点地快速传染,在2007年,变革与以往相比尤为猛烈,个体倾诉表达欲望的能量一次次释放时,经平面媒体的报道,终凸显出推动整个社会进程的威力。

  2008年1月,在互联网上最早披露“厦门近百万市民疯传同一短信反对PX项目”的奥一网民“厦门浪”,从广东省政协常委孟浩手中接过奥一网颁出的年度“网络公民大奖”,奖项在两位具范本意义的代表间传递时,我们回顾过去一年,当网络民意不再是孤陋小作坊式的伊人自语,或名利狭隘领域的沉溺追逐,而是空前高涨地介入社会公共事件,这一年被普遍认为是中国互联网发展的拐点与变局的开始。

  “以前受热捧的是那些所谓的猛男美女,是明星绯闻;而2007年的网络热点是厦门PX、华南虎、黑砖窑”,网络作为被新辟出的信息管道,“网络公共事件元年”中的网络公民,正是在这些典型个案的土壤中破壳而出。

  这一年10月在欧洲开幕的第二届中欧论坛上,中欧800多位各领域代表性人物,以全球化和21世纪挑战为共同话题,共同探讨应对之策。在此之前,哈佛大学高级研究员黄万盛、清华教授孙立平、欧洲著名思想家卡蓝默等10位重量级人文学者,相继做客奥一网“中欧论坛·中国直播室”,围绕“从开放社会到公民社会”的主题,与2000多万中国网民进行了在线交流。由此,“公民社会”的理念再度强势跃入国人的视野,这也为十字路口的中国互联网作出了最好的注解。

  网络将不仅是日常使用的工具,而已经是聚焦个人命运、社会进步的公器。奥一网第一副总编辑蓝云表示:“在这个没有疆界、没有也不应设障碍的平台上,他们(网络公民)不愿纠缠于无聊的口水战,不愿人云亦云,看重的不是自己的名利,但从不放弃应有的权利;他们不炒作、不夸大,动情不煽情,他们正在凭借自己的客观理性,逐渐成为网络界的意见领袖,这个群体也将覆盖并最终主宰互联网。”“网络公民”包含的两个名词互为修饰,带有网络属性的公民,公民化的网络,网络是平台,公民为内涵,这种网络民主的理念在中国尤具特殊意义。

  网络公民≠网民:重塑网络价值道德体系

  “生为一个自由国家的公民并且是主权者的一个成员,不管我的呼声在公共事务中的影响是多么微弱,但是对公共事务的投票权就足以使我有义务去研究他们”。卢梭在《社会契约论》提出的观点,至今仍是许多国人难以跨越的高度。这一点,也被认为是网民与网络公民之间的分水岭。

  被界定为“网络公民”的,在浩瀚的国人网民中只有少数一部分。网络公民只是那些有基本的道德修养、个人素质,具备个人独立判断,对自己言论负责的网民。如今,网民在社会历史进程中一次次验证了这个群体的勇气和智慧,淋漓尽致地渲染民主的力量,宣扬捍卫个人意志。其伴生的浮躁和暴虐的阴暗面,也同样在被摊开,成为阳光难以覆及的阴暗。

  2007年,深圳钱军事件中,摄像头忠实地记录下了满嘴酒气的黑色轿车司机拳打脚踢,逼迫老人当众跪下承认“偷车”的过程。网络忠实地记录了网民为捍卫正义而进行的传播、谴责和努力,同样还包括株连九族式的资料曝光,甚至对钱军妻女的威胁。网络的自由性和无底线传播此时已演变成一把双刃剑,讨伐不公的间隙,我们不知道下一个无意被伤害者将会是谁。

  有人对网络表示失望,甚至悲观地对其作出了3个定义,“存疑、存恶、非理性”,这种情绪体现在我们熟知的一次次事件,曾经的“纸包子”、“最毒后妈”、“断背上的桥”等假新闻,红男绿女的喧嚣炒作,名利追逐时暗藏的陷阱、盲从,人们曾习惯“带头大哥777”张狂,直至其在惊讶中落网,乃至我们欢呼2007年网络的大获全胜时,也一次次感慨背后的暗伤。

  公民的概念,一直以来,人们更多地是热衷权利的一面,却忽略了责任与担当。网络公民所倡导的,正是要重塑人们的认知,两者兼备,既有公民权的自我觉醒,也有应尽责任、义务。“在能承担的前提下,尽量多承担一些,在力所能及的范围内,用善良和正义的眼光,去一点一滴地努力,重塑这个社会的道德体系和信仰体系”,这种担当,恰恰被认为是如今网民与网络公民之间的一道分水岭。

  西方的历史进程,包括制度、传媒发展历经长久的发酵,已趋向成熟,而国人还仅仅是起步,在表现出网络民主的狂热时,中国的网民被认为最大特性是“重结果,但不重过程”,这种落差体现在网民的言论和表达上,更具有原生态的特性,少有修饰缺乏梳理,网络的匿名、自由性,个体价值观差异化的张扬,更容易将这种缺陷诱导、放大。

  看到不满的现象或遭遇不公,我们往往习惯于指责、漫骂、攻击,却很少冷静地分析,问题的症结在哪里,并身体力行地去促进和矫正。这种朴素、原生态的参与和表达,也因此更容易盲从,从而有漫骂、跟风,缺乏独立判断地附从,为人左右。基于现实,一些有志者的理想化举动可能碰壁受挫,亦一蹶不振。与网络公民对应的,还有媒体和学者所忧虑的网络暴民。

  “所有上网的人都可以叫作网民,但不一定是网络公民”,获奖的反PX网民“厦门浪”对这个概念,或者说对自己过去一年的努力作出界定,“网民是泥沙俱下、良莠不齐的,而网络公民具备着聪明、平静、理性、和谐的特征,他们有自己的思考,并期待这种有益的思考得以传播”。网络公民这个新型的词汇正代表着与网络过往的不良属性决裂,更侧重于其中的“公民”内涵,即具备民主意识、付诸行动并担负责任。权利和义务从来都是一致的,综观中国网络的变迁,当年看来不可能实现的事,如今却已被悄然普及,其中特指的即公民权的意识和主张,同样,责任的担当也应当被个体逐步实践,包括碰壁后的坚持。泛义化而言,在网络上,其所述的个体不仅指单个网民,已包括负责任的“企业公民”、“集体公民”。网络公民,所代表的不仅是虚拟有序,也是真实可信。

  网络公民崛起:从深圳渐进式起步

  从网民被评为《时代周刊》的年度人物,到网络公民概念的确立、重塑,泛媒介时代格局的演变,从最开始起,这种变革就缓慢而沉稳,并非一蹴而就,如今也只是万里长征走完了一小步。

  被称为“公共事件元年”的2007年之前,“网络公民”概念并不模糊,但仅限于试水,作为进程主角的网民,在脱茧化蝶前,其公民意识的觉醒和表达始终是渐进式。

  与西方不同,当网络在中国被广泛认可时,人们更惊诧于网民这个新兴群体呈现出的异常丰富的差异化层次。如果说,“公民记者”所倡导的是全民共进式的公民意识培育,其中涌现出的经典范本,及明星委员、博客议政,这部分倾向于我们今天界定为“网络公民”的“较高素质,独立判断能力”层次的人士,这种带动作用和影响显而易见。

  厦门PX事件中的“厦门浪”获奥一年度“网络公民”大奖,奖杯传递时,除这种肯定引发的社会意义外,我们看到的,还有“网络公民”这个群体的交替、普及和扩散。悄然实现的,是互动氛围在网络上蔓延培育,更多的网民意识到自身的公民权益。这种阵地的拓展不止于网络,用奥一网的阐述是“我们看见了一切”,从报网互动到社区互动,从《有话问市长》到《岭南十拍》,从文博会的现场直播,到讲座式的“中欧论坛·中国直播室”,再到圆桌式的“深商峰会”,由互动而衍生出的公民意识的表达,包括线上线下,包括有形的网络,亦包括手机无线,最终也影响改变到现实社会。

  如同植物要生长,水、空气、阳光三种要素缺一不可,网络公民这种新兴力量,同样受网民、网站和政府三大重要因素主导,培育公民意识、网站有序引导、政府宽于包容,这被认为是保证“网络公民”不至于发育不良,甚至夭折的关键。国内网民很容易陷入两个极端,或认为“位轻言微”失语,或剑走偏锋,变得非理性偏执,日益觉醒的主张体现出的最大特色是“原生态的信息”,这应当被引导、梳理,久而久之形成良性氛围。在尊重网民的基础上,网络公民的起步,考验着政府的勇气、智慧和网站的媒介责任、担当。

  虽然,公民之说易成形于网络,传统媒介受“把关人”、中心权力化的局限,形不成“报纸公民”、“电视公民”、“广播公民”的概念。在这场“网络公民”触发的媒介格局演变中,自媒体、泛媒体大行其道,新兴的网络在这场变革中更多充当的是技术的平台、阵地。“很多年后,当今的媒介很可能退居二线,所做的更多是对公民记者记录的汇编、整理,或对公共事件的深度挖掘,有的网站可能会隐退,也有可能出现与传统媒介分庭抗礼的自媒体”。

  这个过程是渐进式的,存在太多的波折、变数,但也应是奥一网这样坚持一贯的媒体责任感,有权力报道,有责任承担,淬炼出自己“网格”的众多互联网企业的理想。

  很多年后,人们追溯“网络公民”的本源时,还将不可避免地联系到广东、深圳,后者作为改革开放的前沿阵地,是国内最早提出公民社会概念的城市。“网络公民”在骨子里寓含着民主、文明、自由、平等,与深圳的城市气质高度一致,概念由奥一在这个城市首先确立并非偶然。当年,积极活跃在奥一网的网民丘华群,在新卡片总经理的头衔前,他的网名“公民证”三个字龙飞凤舞。

  目前,网络公民的概念尚待人们认知、普及,理念和模式应当可以从南中国向北复制,覆盖互联网世界。“家事、国事、天下事”,当网络的曙光普照到每个角落,当人们明晰“公民”一词的含义,在这种新的管道中,个人命运融入整个社会的变迁,能真正推动车轮时,才是新的历史,回首时,我们首先要做的是要感谢互联网。     

向“网络公民”致敬!回目录

□ 傅达林 《民主与法制》 2009年第03期
  “一只蝴蝶在巴西轻拍翅膀,可以导致一个月后德克萨斯州的一场龙卷风。”美国气象学家爱德华•罗伦兹创造的这只“蝴蝶”,目前已悄然飞到了中国的互联网上。
   谁都没有想到,一位名叫“魑魅魍魉2009”的普通网民捡到一个公文包,竟然引发网络上的“大地震”。公文包内浙江温州、江西新余官员出国考察路线图被意外地“晒”到网上后,强劲的舆论风暴迅速席卷互联网和各种媒体,这昭示着一个“人人都是记者”的网络监督时代的到来。
   人们更不会想到,南京市江宁区房产局局长周久耕开会时手拿香烟的照片,被网友上传至各大论坛也会导致舆论的轩然大波。经过一番人肉搜索,网友发现这盒烟是南京卷烟厂生产的“南京”牌系列“九五之尊”香烟,每条售价在1500元至1800元之间。“天价香烟”引发网民的种种猜想,同时也显示出网络监督的力量。
   一叶知秋。当历史的车轮驶过2008,中国的改革开放已过“而立”,就在我们身边,借由互联网这只“蝴蝶的翅膀”,许多看似普通的事件,都可能成为网民评头论足的焦点。
   过去的一年,正是网络开辟了雪灾和地震中广播爱心的第二战场,一个温情而坚强的中国伫立网端;正是互联网打开了“西藏事件”中传媒宣传的困境,真相从指端传播世界;正是网民反CNN一声怒吼,延绵成一个护卫圣火的团结中国;也正是网络将百年奥运中崛起的公民社会延伸到每一个角落。一起起大事件的背后,都留下了“网络公民”关注、参与的痕迹。
   时光飞梭,法治的话题犹如讲不完的故事,影响性案件纷纷在互联网上流传:天门城管打死人案将网民对城管暴力执法的斥责推至极至,一个叫许霆的默默无闻的“小人物”成为法治事件的大主角,刑法修正案(七)在一片网络争议中悬搁,辽宁沈阳律师温洪祥申请政府公开招待费激发出权利的冲动……
   回顾往昔,网络舆论空前活跃,在网站、论坛、博客等空间,通过短信、QQ、MSN等新兴媒介,网络公民对法治、民生、廉政、政府治理等社会热点“激扬文字”,每个网民都是记者,每个博客都是媒体,每个帖子都是举报线索。
   2008年已庄重谢幕,“网络公民”必将成为我们记忆里一道抹不去的亮丽风景线,处于单个原子状态的网民瞬间凝聚成一股强大的力量。这种力量,就藏纳于不断将“史上最牛官员别墅群”曝于论坛,藏纳于对那位深圳大叔“口出狂言”的口诛笔伐,藏纳于对问责官员复出的不舍较真。重温这种力量,就是一个回顾中国追求法治的特别视角,也许能从中找到通往和谐之道的密匙。
   让我们记住2008。
   让我们致敬网络。 

“网络公民”仅仅是个中性词回目录

    2008年6月20日,胡锦涛总书记与强国论坛网友视频聊天,以一种前所未有的特殊方式表明了国家对于网络意见的重视。强国论坛主编刘红对本刊记者说,有的网友发帖写道,“以前只是泛泛地议政,现在好像获得了一种参政的感觉”。种种迹象表明,网络公民不是乌合之众,他们并不简单区分左右,他们负责任、有理性和反思精神,他们的影响日渐上升。网络公民们的意见引来执政者的关注和对话,,而这种对话又鼓励着更多人发出更大的声音。(《瞭望东方周刊》7月22日)

    按照《瞭望东方周刊》的说法,网络公民是指那些经常在政治性论坛发表原创观点、热衷探讨社会重大问题的网民。或许,该说法还有值得商榷的地方,但是,结合近来舆论对网络公民的鼓与呼,特别是对网络公民出现的称赞性表扬,我们就不难发现,整个社会对网络公民出现的欣喜态度,其背后隐藏的是对公民社会的呼唤,是与臣民社会告别的勇气显示。

    但是,真的如此吗?网络公民真的能把我们引向公民社会吗?不能否认,网络公民推动了《城市流浪乞讨人员收容遣送办法》的废除,他们使周老虎现出原形,他们在反对藏独中展现出惊人的凝聚力,他们还使瓮安事件迅速为外界所知……

    不过,种种事实的背后,我们必须注意网络公民产生的社会土壤。网络公民力量显示的背后,是现实中公民的缺位,是现实中公民无法表达或者表达被堵塞,而正是这种尴尬才产生了网络公民。我们能想象一种现实中公民空间的收缩而网络上公民空间无限延伸或者无奈扩张的情景吗?如果,真的如此,那么,我们离公民社会是近了还是远了?如果公民仅仅是以虚拟的网络公民而存在,那么,真实的公民何以产生?我们的公民社会难道要建立在网络上吗?

    这是一个我们无法逃避并且必须回答的问题。

    在笔者看来,网络公民仅仅是个中性词,仅仅意味着信息技术的进步与通讯网络的发展为普通民众参与政治决策和行政活动提供了有利的条件和机遇。在网络化时代,公民的政治参与将不仅仅限于投票,网络将成为公民政治参与的重要渠道。透过网络,公众有更多的机会了解政府在做什么、怎么做,并可以以多种方式及时地表达自己的意见,参与决策过程。

    面对网络公民的出现,应看到,现实中,我国公众在政治参与方面还存在不少问题,如参与的任意性、缺少透明性乃至缺少参与的制度化途径。

    也正因为如此,笔者以为,我国网络公民出现的实质是参与,而非本来的公民含义。美国当代学者科恩在其有着广泛影响的《论民主》一书中,特别强调参与的意义。在他看来,民主政治无论取何种形式,其关键都是民众参与,“社会成员多广多深地以及在什么问题上参与共同有关的事务,这不是已经做了些什么的问题,而是现在正在做什么的问题。民主永远处于尚待改进的状态,而改进的过程是永远不会完成的。”“如果一个社会不仅准许普遍参与而且鼓励持续、有力、有效并了解情况的参与,而且事实上实现了这种参与并把决定权留给参与者,这种社会的民主就是既有广度又有深度的民主。”

    另外,我们也要看到,网络公民的出现也有利于保证少数派的权利,少数派的否决代替了多数派的表决。

    因此,对待网络公民,任何过度的鼓吹都是危险的,都有可能遮蔽现实中真正的问题,都是问题复杂性的无视。(朱四倍 )

网络公民社会回目录

所谓公民社会,是独立于国家,享有对于国家的自主性,由众多旨在保护和促进自身利益或价值的社会成员,自愿结合而成。一般认为,公民社会组织有以下几个特点:(1)非官方性,(2)非营利性,(3)相对独立性,(4)自愿性。

而网络公民社会的意思,则是指这个独立、自主、非官方、非营利的场域,可以在网络的空间中成形与实践,并进行交互的沟通与传播,最后产生独立于国家权力以外的影响,打造一个真正属于公民社会的公共领域。它的载体,就是网站、部落格、e-group、电子报、电邮以及无数的个人新闻台等等,颠覆与稀释了传统媒体的公信力及其垄断话语。无论如何,网络公民社会不一定尽是理性和冷静的讨论,正如“实体”公民社会遇到的困境一样,它仍需要培养良好的网络公民。

《网络公民权宣言提案》回目录

原文地址:http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/netizen-rights.txt

Proposed Declaration of the Rights of Netizens
《网络公民权宣言提案》
We Netizens have begun to put together a Declaration of the Rights of Netizens and are requesting from other Netizens contributions, ideas, and suggestions of what rights should be included. Following are some beginning ideas.
我们,网络公民,开始着手草拟一份网络公民权宣言提案,并且希望其他的网民也能够对此发表看法,就哪些权利应该纳入本宣言抒发意见和建议。以下是我们初步的设想。

The Declaration of the Rights of Netizens:
《网络公民权宣言提案》

In recognition that the net represents a revolution in human communications that was built by a cooperative non-commercial process, the following Declaration of the Rights of the Netizen is presented for Netizen comment.
人们已经认识到,网络代表了人类通讯技术的一场革命,它在合作性与非商业性的进程中逐步构建而成,以下所列出的的《网络公民权宣言提案》可供网民们进行评论。
As Netizens are those who take responsibility and care for the Net, the following are proposed to be their rights:
网民是指那些关心网络,并且愿意为之承担责任的人,因此,我提议一下内容为他们的权利:
o Universal access at no or low cost
以低费用甚至零费用接入全球行的网络
o Freedom of Electronic Expression to promote the exchange of knowledge without fear of reprisal
网民们以电子形式发表意见,而不用担心会遭到报复,继而促进知识的交流
o Uncensored Expression
所发表言论不得经过审查
o Access to Broad Distribution
信息得以广泛分布的权利
o Universal and Equal access to knowledge and information
普遍而且平等地获取知识和信息的权利
o Consideration of one\'s ideas on their merits
以发现优点的眼光审视他人的看法
o No limitation to access to read, to post and to otherwise contribute
以下的行为都不准加以限制:阅读、发表以及以其它形式的对互联网做出贡献
o Equal quality of connection
平等地拥有联网质量的权利
o Equal time of connection
平等地拥有联网时间的权利
o No Official Spokesperson
不拥有官方发言人的权利
o Uphold the public grassroots purpose and participation
网民们有权利支持大众草根阶层们为互联网出谋划策,并参与其中
o Volunteer Contribution - no personal profit from the contribution freely given by others
义务发表权——个人不得从他人为互联网所做出的贡献中获利
o Protection of the public purpose from those who would use it for their private and money making purposes
当有些人由于私人原因以及商业获利的目的使用互联网时,公众的提议应得以保护

The Net is not a Service, it is a Right. It is only valuable when it is collective and universal. Volunteer effort protects the intellectual and technological common-wealth that is being created.
互联网不是一种服务,而是一种权利。只有当其具有集体性、全球性的时候,互联网才能真正彰显其价值。志愿者们做出的努力,能够保护互联网所创造的知识和技术。
DO NOT UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER OF THE NET and NETIZENS.
切莫低估网络以及网民们的力量!

Inspiration from: RFC 3 (1969), Thomas Paine, Declaration of Independence (1776), Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), NSF Acceptable Use Policy, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and the current cry for democracy worldwide.
提案的灵感来源于:RFC 3文档规范 (1969), 托马斯·潘恩, 《独立宣言》 (1776), 《人权和公民权宣言》 (1789), NSF Acceptable Use Policy, 让·雅各·卢梭, 以及当今全球范围内对民主制度的呼吁。

CHAPTER 5
The Vision of Interactive Computing and the Future
By Michael Hauben
hauben@columbia.edu
第五章
展望未来,交互计算的远景
作者:Michael Hauben 邮箱:hauben@columbia.edu

What is the reality behind all the talk about the so called "Information Superhighway"? This is an important question which U.S. government policy makers seem to be ignoring. However, understanding the history of the current global computer networks is a crucial step towards building the network of the future. There is a vision that guided the origin and development of the Internet, Usenet and other associated physical and logical networks. What is that vision?
围绕“信息高速公路”展开的种种讨论背后,究竟藏着什么样的真相?这个重要的问题似乎被美国政府决策者忽略了。然而了解当前全球电脑网络的历史是迈向未来网络建设的关键一步。互联网,Usenet和其它相关的物理逻辑网络的起源和发展,都因为一个理想。这个理想是什么呢?

While the global computer networks are basically young -- the ARPANET started in 1969 -- their 25 plus years of growth has been substantial. The ARPANET was the experimental network connecting the mainframe computers of universities and other contractors funded and encouraged by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. The ARPANET started out as a research test bed for computer networking, communication protocols, computer and data resource sharing, etc. However, what it developed into was something surprising. The widest use of the ARPANET was for computer facilitated human-human communication using electronic mail (e-mail) and discussion lists. (Popular lists included Human-Nets, Wine-Tasters and Sci-Fi Lovers lists.) The human communications achievements of ARPANET research continue to be today\'s most popular usage of the Net by a growing number and variety of people through e-mail, Usenet discussion groups, mailing lists, internet relay chat, and so on. The ARPANET was the product of previous U.S. government funded research in interactive computing and time-sharing of computers.


ARPANET成立于1969年,经历了25年的成长,当全球电脑网络处在雏形时,已经有了实质成果。ARPANET是连接各大学主机的实验性网络,其它的承包商在美国国防部远景研究科的鼓励下为它们提供资金。一开始,ARPANET作为电脑网络,通讯协议,数据共享等的试验平台。然而它发展成了另一种令人吃惊的东西。ARPANET最大的用处是利用电子邮件和讨论列表促进人与人的交流(最流行的列表包括人类与网络,葡萄酒鉴定家和科幻小说爱好者列表)。ARPANET人类交流的研究成果,如今已经发展成互联网上最受欢迎的功能,越来越多来自不同阶层的人开始使用电子邮件、Usenet讨论组、发送列表、即时聊天等技术。ARPANET是前美国政府赞助的“交互计算和分时研究”的成果,


Section 2
Until the 1960s, computers operated almost exclusively in batch mode. Programmers punched or had their programs punched onto cards. Then the stack of punched cards was provided to the local computer center. The computer operator assembled stacks of cards into batches to be feed to the computer for continuous processing. Often a programmer had to wait over a day in order to see the results from his or her input. In addition, if there were any mistakes in the creation of the punched cards, the stack or part of it had to be punched again and resubmitted, which would take another day. Bugs in the code could only be discovered after an attempt to compile the code and therefore "debugging" was a slow process. This batch processing mode was a very inefficient way of utilizing the power of the computer. People began thinking of ways to alter the interface between people and computers. The idea of time-sharing developed among some in computer research communities. Time- sharing makes it possible for people to utilize a computer (then predominately the IBM mainframe) simultaneously. Time-sharing operates by giving the impression that the each user is the only one using the computer. This is executed by having the computer divvy out slices of CPU time to all the users in a rapid, sequential manner.
直到1960年,计算机几乎只能以批处理的方式运行。程序员通过卡片打孔编程。然后成堆打上孔的卡片被送到当地的计算机中心。计算机操作员把卡片分类分批,喂入电脑进行连续处理。通常,一个程序员需要等上一整天才能看到输入内容的结果。而且,如果在制卡过程中出现了任何错误,这堆卡片或者它们中的一部分就得重新制作和提交,又得花上一番功夫。编码中的错误只有在编译后才会被发现,因此“程序调试”是缓慢的过程。批处理模式降低了计算机的使用效率。人们开始寻找改变人机界面的方法。在计算机研究社团中,有些人产生了“分时”的创意。“分时”使人们同时使用计算机 变成可能(当时使用的多是IBM的主机)。“分时”运行时,为每个用户制造计算机唯一使用者的假象。它的实现依赖计算机通过快速的连续运算法,为每个用户分配CPU时间片。 Crucial to the development of today\'s global computer networks was the vision of researchers interested in time-sharing. These researchers began to think about social issues related to time-sharing. They observed the communities that formed from the people who used time-sharing systems and considered the social significance of these communities. Two of the pioneers involved in research in time-sharing at MIT, Fernando Corbato and Robert Fano, wrote, "The time-sharing computer system can unite a group of investigators in a cooperative search for the solution to a common problem, or it can serve as a community pool of knowledge and skill on which anyone can draw according to his needs. Projecting the concept on a large scale, one can conceive of such a facility as an extraordinarily powerful library serving an entire community in short, an intellectual public utility."(1)
感兴趣的研究人员对“分时”的看法,决定了现在遍布全球的电脑网络的发展。研究员开始思考与分时有关的社会问题。他们观察分时系统使用者组成的社团,评估这些社团的社会意义。MIT研究分时的先锋人物中的两个,Fernando Corbato和Robert Fano写道,“ 分时系统可以聚集起一组研究者,合作寻找一个共同问题的解决办法,或许它就像汇聚了知识和技能的公共水池,任何人都可以按需提取。放大这个概念,人们可以简单地把它想像成一座能为所有人服务的超级图书馆,一个智能公共设施。”


Section 2
Research in time-sharing started in the early 1960s around the country at different research centers. Some examples were CTSS (Compatible Time-sharing System) at MIT, DTSS (Dartmouth Time-sharing System) at Dartmouth, a system at BBN, Project GENIE at the University of California at Berkeley, and so on. J.C.R. Licklider, the founding director of ARPA\'s Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) thought of time-sharing as interactive computing. Interactive computing meant the user could communicate and respond to the computer\'s responses in a way that batch processing did not allow.

Licklider was one of the first users of the new time-sharing systems, and took the time to play around with them. Examining the uses of this new way of communicating with the computer enabled Licklider to think about the future possibilities. This was helpful because Licklider went on to establish the priorities and direction for ARPA\'s IPTO research monies. Many of the interviewees in a series of interviews conducted by the Charles Babbage Institute (CBI) said that ARPA\'s money was given in those days under Licklider\'s guidance to seed research which would be helpful to society in general and only secondarily helpful to the military.
20世纪60年代早期,全国各地不同的研究中心开始了对分时的研究。例如MIT的CTSS(并行分时系统),Dartmouth的DTSS(达特茅斯分时系统),BNN的提桶,巴克利加利福尼亚大学的GENIE项目等等。ARPA信息处理技术办公室(IPTO)的创会理事J.C.R.Licklider认为分时就是一种交互运算。交互运算意味着用户可以靠批处理无法提供的方式,沟通和反馈电脑的响应。
Licklider是新分时系统最早使用人之一,有大把的时间摆弄它们。为新的人机交流方法做测试,使Licklider可以思考关于未来的可能性。这起了大作用,因为Liclider接着为ARPA下IPTO的研究资金建立了优先顺序和去向。在Charles Babbage研究所(CBI)编导的一系列采访中,大多数受访者表示,ARPA的资金来自Licklider指导种子研究时期。通常情况下,种子研究对社会最有益处,其次才是军事。


Section 3
Both Robert Taylor and Larry Roberts, future successors of Licklider as director of IPTO, pinpoint Licklider as the originator of the vision which set ARPA\'s priorities and goals and basically drove ARPA to help develop the concept and practice of networking computers.

In one of the CBI interviews, Roberts said: "what I concluded was that we had to do something about communications, and that really, the idea of the galactic network that Lick talked about, probably more than anybody, was something that we had to start seriously thinking about. So in a way networking grew out of Lick\'s talking about that, although Lick himself could not make anything happen because it was too early when he talked about it. But he did convince me it was important."(2)


Robert Taylor 和Larry Roberts,未来的IPTO项目主任Licklider的继承人,两人明确地指出,作为创见的缔造者Licklider确立了ARPA的优先次序和目标,从根本上驱使ARPA帮助网络电脑概念和实践的发展。
在一次CBI采访中,Roberts说到:“我的总结是,我们必须为交流做出贡献,事实上,Lick谈论的银河网络的概念,很可能远比任何其它人的丰富,我们需要严肃地去思考它。网络照着Lick言说的方向发展,虽然由于Lick想法出现得太早,他自己也没能实现它。但是他使我确信,交流的重要。”


Section 4
Taylor, also in a CBI conducted interview, pointed out the importance of Licklider\'s vision to future network development, "I don\'t think anyone who\'s been in that DARPA position since [Licklider] has had the vision that Licklider had. His being at that place at that time is a testament to the tenuousness of it all. It was really a fortunate circumstance. I think most of the significant advances in computer technology, especially in the systems part of computer science were simply extrapolations of Licklider\'s vision. They were not really new visions of their own. So he\'s really the father of it all."(3)

Taylor also described how research in time-sharing led to surprising results. He succeeded Licklider as Director of the IPTO at ARPA. A phrase that J.C.R. Licklider frequently used to express his vision was "an Intergalactic Network." Taylor explains that Licklider used this phrase to describe the potential community that he realized would emerge from the interconnection of the local communities of Net users that develop from time-sharing. At first, Taylor notes ARPA supported research had as its goal achieving compatibility and resource sharing across different computer systems. However, he explains,
Taylor在另一个CBI的采访中,指出Licklider的构想对未来网络发展的重要。“自从Licklider构想,我不认为在DARPA有其它人达到那个高度。其时其位,他的存在就是一切细节的圣约。这真是件幸运的事。我认为,计算机技术大部分重要的进步,尤其是电脑的系统科学,都只是Licklider构想的衍生而已。它们不能算是原创的想法,Licklider才是真正的创造者。”
Taylor还形容了分时研究是如何得到意外成果的。他继承了Licklider的职位,成为ARPA里IPTO 项目主任。J.C.R Licklider经常用"银河间网络"来表达他的构想。Taylor解释到,分时发展出本地网民社区的互联,Licklider用这个词形容从中促生的潜在社区。一开始,Taylor强调,ARPA支持的研究达成目标,在不同的电脑系统间实现兼容和资源共享。然而,他解释到,


Section 5
"They were just talking about a network where they could have a compatibility across these systems, and at least do some load sharing, and some program sharing, data sharing that sort of thing. Whereas, the thing that struck me about the time-sharing experience was that before there was a time-sharing system, let\'s say at MIT, then there were a lot of individual people who didn\'t know each other who were interested in computing in one way or another, and who were doing whatever they could, however they could. As soon as the time-sharing system became usable, these people began to know one another, share a lot of information, and ask of one another, \'How do I use this? Where do I find that?\' It was really phenomenal to see this computer become a medium that stimulated the formation of a human community. And so, here ARPA had a number of sites by this time, each of which had its own sense of community and was digitally isolated from the other one. I saw a phrase in the Licklider memo. The phrase was in a totally different context something that he referred to as an \'intergalactic network.\' I asked him about this ... in fact I said, \'Did you have a networking of the ARPANET sort in mind when you used that phrase?\' He said, \'No, I was thinking about a single time-sharing system that was intergalactic \'"(4)

As Taylor explains, the users of the time-sharing systems would form, usually unexpectedly, a new community. People were connected to others who were also interested in these new computing systems.
“他们只讨论能兼容在这几个系统间的网络,至少能完成些装载共享,项目共享,数据共享之类的事。然而,让我吃惊的分时体验却在分时系统产生之前。那是在MIT,有许多互相并不认识的独立个体,竭尽全力,热衷计算机,而且成功了。分时系统一投入使用,这些人开始互相认识,分享信息,互相提出问题‘我怎么用这个?我从哪能找到它?’这是切实存在的现象,电脑成为刺激人类社会形成的媒介。现在ARPA有一系列的地址,其中的每一个对社区都有自己独特的理解,在数字化上各自独立。我在Licklider的备忘录上看到一个词。这个词出现在一个完全不同的语境,被他称为‘跨银河系网络’。我问过他相关的问题……事实上,我说,\'你使用这个词时,你脑子里是否有个类似ARPANET的网络模型?\'他说,‘不,我在想一个单独的分时系统,它将连通银河系’”(4)
就在Taylor解释时,分时系统的使用者可能又出人意料地建立了新的社区。对这些新的运算系统感兴趣的人得以彼此联系。


Section 6
The vision driving ARPA inspired bright researchers working on computer related topics. Roberts explains that Licklider\'s work (and that of the IPTO\'s directors after him) educated people who were to become the future leaders in the computer industry. Roberts describes the impact that Licklider and his vision made on ARPA and future IPTO directors: "Well, I think that the one influence is the production of people in the computer field that are trained, and knowledgeable, and capable, and that form the basis for the progress the United States has made in the computer field. That production of people started with Lick, when he started the IPTO program and started the big university programs. It was really due to Lick, in large part, because I think it was that early set of activities that I continued with that produced the most people with the big university contracts. That produced a base for them to expand their whole department, and produced excitement in the university"(5)

Roberts describes how ARPA supported university research had a significant impact on the computer industry as well. "So it was clear that that was a big impact on the universities and therefore, in the industry. You can almost track all those people and see what effect that has had. The people from those projects are in large part the leaders throughout the industry"(6)
这个观念促使ARPA鼓励聪明的研究者从事和电脑有关的课题。Roberts解释到,Licklider(和IPTO主任继任者)的工作对电脑工业后来的领袖起了教育作用。Roberts描述了Licklider和他的构想对ARPA和未来IPTO主任的影响。“呃,我认为影响之一是电脑领域里人才的生产,他们训练有素,有知识,有能力,构成美国电脑领域进步的基石。Lick始行了人才的生产,在Lick开始IPTO计划和名校计划的时候。很大程度上,得归功于Lick,因为我想,早期我继续的一系列活动,产生了大部分拥有名校合同的人。这为他们扩充整个部门打下了基础,在大学里创造惊喜(5)”


Roberts又描述了ARPA支持的大学研究项目如何对电脑工业起重要影响。“很清楚,对大学和整个工业,那都是大影响。 你几乎可以追踪所有这些人,观察起了什么效果。项目里很大一部分人成为同行业里的领袖。”(6)


Section 7
Licklider\'s vision was of an "Intergalactic Network," a time-sharing utility that would serve the entire galaxy. This early vision of time-sharing spawned the idea of interconnecting different time-sharing systems by networking them together. This network would allow those on geographically separated time-sharing systems to share data, programs, research, and later other ideas and anything that could be typed out. In the article, "The Computer as a Communications Device", Licklider and Taylor predicted the creation of a global computer network. They wrote: "We have seen the beginnings of communication through a computer -- communication among people at consoles located in the same room or on the same university campus or even at distantly separated laboratories of the same research and development organization. This kind of communication -- through a single multiaccess computer with the aid of telephone lines -- is beginning to foster cooperation and promote coherence more effectively than do present arrangements for sharing computer programs by exchanging magnetic tape by messenger or mail."(7)

They point out how the interconnection of computers leads to a much broader class of connections than might have been expected. A new form of community is generated. "The collection of people, hardware, and software the multiaccess computer together with its local community of users will become a node in a geographically distributed computer network. Let us assume for a moment that such a network has been formed. Through the network of message processors, therefore, all the large computers can communicate with one another. And through them, all the members of the super community can communicate with other people, with programs, with data, or with a selected combinations of those resources."(8)
Licklider的构想是“跨银河网络” ,一个为全银河服务的分时设备。从分时早期的构想中孵化出了新的想法,把不同的分时系统通过网络连接起来。r有些人使用空间相隔的分时体统,这个网络可以让他们共享数据,项目,研究,和各种想得出的东西。在“作为通信设备的计算机”一文中,Licklider 和Taylor预测了未来全球网络的建立。他们写道:“我们已经见证了电脑交流的开始——操作员间的交流,他们可能就在同一个房间也可能只在同一个学院,甚至可能是在同一个研究发展组织下相隔遥远的实验室里。这种交流在一条电话线的帮助下,通过一台多用户电脑实现。比起过去,通过邮递员或信件交换磁带为分享电脑程序做准备,现在更有效地 加强了合作,增进凝聚力。”(7)
他们解释了互联电脑如何超越大家的期望,导向更高级别的连接。新的社区形式诞生了。“大家的收藏,硬件,软件,多用户电脑,和用户的本地社区一起,组成地域上分散的电脑网络的一个节点”。让我们假设下这个网络已经形成。通过信息处理器网络,所有的大型计算机得以互相沟通。通过他们,高级社区的所有成员可以和其它的人就程序,数据或者是这些资源的特定组合进行沟通。


Section 8
Licklider and Taylor consider more than just hardware and software when they write about the new social dynamics that the connections of dispersed computers and people will create. They explain: "[These communities] will be communities not of common location, but of common interest. In each field, the overall community of interest will be large enough to support a comprehensive system of field-oriented programs and data."(9)

In exploring this community of common affinity, they describe the main advantages that come from connecting to and being part of these new computer facilitated communities. Life will be enriched for those people who can communicate on-line with others who have similar goals and interests, as they won\'t be limited by geography. Communication will be more productive and thus more enjoyable.And the kind of programs that those

on-line will have access to will be customized to one\'s interestsand abilities,
and thus more satisfying. And they describe the advantagesto society
that the increased opportunities and resources made possible by the Net can provide for everyone.(10)
当Licklider 和 Taylor撰写新的社会动力学时,他们考虑的远不止硬件和软件,分散的电脑和人的联系将被建立,。他们解释到,“”‘这些社团’不因同处一地而立,而是因为共同的兴趣。在每个领域,兴趣社团总量将足够大去支持包含场定向程序及数据的综合系统”。(9)
在探索这个社团共同吸引力的过程中,他们描述了融进这个新电脑社区的主要优势。那些可以在网上和人交流相似目标和兴趣的人,生活变得丰富多采,因为他们不再被地域局限。交流变得更有价值,更有趣味。未来网民使用到的程序,将根据个人的兴趣和能力定制,因此更令人满意。他们还描述了对社会的价值,网络向所有人开放,使更多的机会和资源变为可能。(10)


Section 9
Since the advantages that computer networks make possible for society will only happen if these advantages are available to all who want to make use of them, Licklider and Taylor realize there is a crucial challenge put on the agenda of our times by the development of the Net. They conclude their article with a prophetic question: "Will `to be on line\' be a privilege or a right?"(11) They argue that it must be a right. Otherwise, instead of providing all the many benefits it makes possible, it will only increase the inequities of intellectual opportunity that currently exist.

The challenge they raise is one of access. The authors point out that the positive effects of computer networking will only come about if the networks are made easy to use and available to all. They argue that access should be made available because of the global benefits that would ensue. They conclude by describing how humankind can benefit immeasurably from the educational opportunities the Net makes possible, "if the network idea should prove to do for education what a few have envisioned in hope...surely the boon to humankind would be beyond measure."(12)
因为只有在这些优势可以被所有需要它们的人使用时,电脑网络对社会带来的优势才会显现。 Licklider和Taylor意识到,网络的发展已经把这个关键的挑战放上我们的日程表。他们用一个预言性的问题总结他们的文章:“‘上网’是权利还是特权?”(11)他们主张上网权,否则,它无法提供本可带来的诸多利益,反而加剧业已存在的教育机会的不平等。
他们提出的挑战是访问。权威指出只有把网络做得易于使用、向大众开放,才能展现出电脑网络的积极效果。为了继起的全球利益,他们主张应该让访问变得可行。他们描述了网络提供的教育机会如何给人类带来无以计量的好处,并以此判断“事实证明,网络对教育的贡献远超希望,为人类带来无法估量的恩惠。”(12)


Section 10
Licklider and Taylor raise the important point that access should be made available to all who want to use the computer networks. Therefore it is important to ask if the National Information Infrastructure is being designed with the principle of equality of access. The vision of the interconnection and interaction of diverse communities guided the creation of the original ARPANET. In the design of the expansion of the Net, it is important to keep the original vision in mind to consider if the vision was correct, or if it was just important in the initial development of networking technologies and techniques. However, very little emphasis has been placed on either the study of Licklider\'s vision or the role and advantages of the Net up to this point. In addition, the public has not been allowed to play a role in the planning process for the new initiatives which the U.S. government is currently undertaking. This is a plea to you to demand more of a part in the development of the future of the Net.


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Notes for CHAPTER 5

(1) "Time-sharing on Computers", in Information, A Scientific American Book, San Francisco, 1966, p. 76.
Licklider和Taylor得出向所有需要者开放网络访问的重要观点。因此确认国家信息基础建设是否按照访问公平原则设计很重要。 不同社团间互联和相互作用的构想,指导了原始ARPA网络的建立。在对未来网络膨胀的计划中,时刻坚持原本构想,确认构想是否正确是重要的,又或者这仅仅在网络科技和技术发展的早期才重要。虽然到目前为止,无论是对Licklider构想的学习还是对网络扮演的角色和及其优势,都没有得到真正的重视。而且公众还未被允许参与近期美国政府承诺的新举措的规划过程。这是对你的请求,希望你对网络未来的发展提出更多的要求。

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第五章注释 (1)“电脑分时”,科学美国人出版,圣弗朗西斯科,1966,第76页。


Section 11
(2) Lawrence G. Roberts, Interview by Arthur L. Norberg, 4 April 1989, San Mateo, California, Charles Babbage Institute, The Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnnesota, p. 29.

(3) Robert W. Taylor, Interview by William Aspray, 28 February 1989, Palo Alto, California, Charles Babbage Institute, The Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnnesota, p. 8.

(4) Ibid., p. 24.

(5) Lawrence G. Roberts Interview, p. 29.

(6) Ibid., p. 30.

(7) "The Computer as a Communication Device," in In Memoriam: J.C.R. Licklider: 1915-1990, p. 28.

(8) Ibid., p. 32.

(9) Ibid., p. 38.

(10) Ibid., p. 40.

(11) Ibid., p. 40.

(12) Ibid., p. 40.


Last Updated: October 15, 1995


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This article is a draft chapter from Michael Hauben\'s <hauben@columbia.edu> and Ronda Hauben\'s <rh120@columbia.edu> netbook titled "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet."

Commercial use is prohibited*
Please send us any comments about this draft. Send comments to both hauben@columbia.edu and rh120@columbia.edu.
(2) Lawrence G. Roberts, Arthur L. Norberg采访, 1989年4月4号,加利福尼亚的圣马特奥,明尼苏达大学(位于明尼苏达州的尼阿波利斯市)信息处理历史中心的Charles Babbage研究所。(明尼苏达州的尼阿波利斯市) p. 29.

(3) Robert W. Taylor, William Aspray采访,1989年二月28号,加利福尼亚的帕洛阿尔托, 明尼苏达大学(位于明尼苏达州的尼阿波利斯市)信息处理历史中心的Charles Babbage研究所。 p. 8.

(4) 同上, p. 24.

(5) Lawrence G. Roberts 的采访, p. 29.

(6)同上, p. 30.

(7) 《纪念J.C.R.Licklider: 1915-1990》, "The Comput作为通信设备的计算机" P. 28.

(8) 同上, p. 32.

(9) 同上, p. 38.

(10) 同上, p. 40.

(11) 同上, p. 40.

(12) 同上, p. 40.

上次更新:1995年,10月15日


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本文章选自Michael Hauben和Ronda Hauben的草稿笔记,名为“网络公民:Usenet和因特网的历史和影响” 禁止商业转载 欢迎评论,请将评论发送至hauben@columbia.edurh120@columbia.edu.

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This article is a draft chapter from Michael Hauben and Ronda Hauben\'s Netbook titled "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net." Commercial use of this writing is prohibited and this draft is being made available for comment. Please send comments to both of us at hauben@columbia.edu and rh120@columbia.edu.

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标签: 网络公民 Netizens