1984年，马克·雅克布斯组建AUSI公司（《亚瑟王的暗黑时代》的开发者Mythic娱乐公司的前身），并推出游戏《阿拉达特》（Aradath）。雅克布斯在自己家里搭建了一个服务器平台，安装了8条电话线以运行这款文字角色扮演游戏，游戏的收费标准为每月40美元，这是网络游戏史上第一款采用包月制的网络游戏，包月制的收费方式有利于加速网络游戏的平民化进程，对网络游戏的普及将起到重要作用。遗憾的是，包月制在当时并没有成长起来的条件，1990年AUSI公司为《龙门》（Dragon’s Gate）定的价格为每小时20美元，尽管费率高得惊人，但仍有人愿意每月花上2000多美元去玩这款游戏，因此在80年代末90年代初，包月制并未引起人们的关注。
1985年，比尔·洛登说服通用电气公司（GE）的信息服务部门投资建立了一个类似CompuServe的、商业化的、基于ASCII文本的网络服务平台，这套平台被称为GEnie（GE Network for Information Exchange）。GEnie于10月份正式启动，其低廉的收费标准在用户中间引起了巨大反响，也令一向有着强烈优越感的CompuServe感受到了竞争的压力。GEnie系统实际上是利用GE信息服务部门的服务器在夜晚的空闲时间为用户提供服务，因此收费非常低廉，晚上的价格约为每小时6美元，几乎是CompuServe的一半。
同年11月，Quantum Computer Services（AOL的前身）毫无声息地推出了QuantumLink平台，这是一个专为Commandore 64/128游戏机玩家服务的图形网络平台，费率仅为每月9.95美元。这一收费标准完全可以成为网络游戏发展史上的一个重要里程碑，但由于当时的Commandore 64/128游戏机已步入衰退期，因此这项具有革命意义的收费标准如同雅克布斯的“家庭作坊”一样，未能引起人们的重视，否则网络游戏的革命很可能会提前来到。
无论如何，更多运营商的介入令网络服务业的竞争激烈了起来，费率的下调已成必然趋势。这一阶段的美国网络游戏业如同现阶段国内的网络游戏业，运营商与游戏商在网络游戏身上大赚了一笔。1988年，Quantum从TSR手中购得“龙与地下城”的授权，三年后，第一款AD&D设定的网络游戏——《夜在绝冬城》（Neverwinter Nights）诞生，这款游戏运营了若干年，尽管所采用的图像技术陈旧不堪，但仅在它生命周期的最后一年，即1996年，它就为AOL带来了500万美元的收益。
发展历史编辑本段回目录
GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange) was an online service created by a General Electric business - GEIS (now GXS) that ran from 1985 through the end of 1999. In 1994, GEnie claimed around 350,000 users. Peak simultaneous usage was around 10,000 users. It was one of the pioneering services in the field, though eventually replaced by the Internet and graphics-based services, most notably AOL.
GEnie was founded by Bill Louden in October 1, 1985 and was launched as an ASCII text-based service by GE's Information Services division in October 1985, and received attention as the first serious commercial competition to CompuServe. Louden was originally CompuServe's product manager for Computing, Community (forums), Games, ecommerce, and email product lines. Louden purchased DECWAR source code and had MegaWars developed, one of the earliest multi-player online games (or MMOG), in 1982.
The service was run by General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS) based in Rockville, Maryland. GEIS served a diverse set of large-scale, international, commercial network-based custom application needs, including banking, Electronic Data Interchange and e-mail services to companies worldwide, but was able to run GEnie on their many GE Mark III time-sharing mainframe computers that otherwise would have been underutilized after normal U.S. business hours. This orientation was part of GEnie's downfall. Although it became very popular and a national force in the on-line marketplace, GEnie was not allowed to grow. GEIS executives steadfastly refused to view the service as anything but "fill in" load and would not expand the network by a single phone line, let alone expand mainframe capacity, to accommodate GEnie's growing user base. (Later, however, GE did consent to make the service available through the SprintNet time-sharing network, which had its own dial-up points of presence.)
The initial price for connection, at both 300 bits per second and the then-high-speed 1200 bits per second, was $5–$6 per hour during "non-prime-time" hours (evenings and weekends) and $36 an hour (to discourage daytime use) otherwise, later adjusted to $6 per hour and $18 per hour, respectively. 2400 bit/s was also available at a premium. Later, GEnie developed the Star*Services package, soon renamed Genie*Basic after Prodigy threatened a trademark lawsuit over the use of the word "Star". It offered a set of "unlimited use" features for $4.95/month. Other services cost extra, mirroring the tiered service model popular at the time.
GEnie's forums were called RoundTables (RTs), and each, as well as other internal services, had a page number associated with it, akin to a web address today; typing "m 1335", for instance, would bring you to the GemStone III game page. The service included RTs, games, mail and shopping. For some time, GEnie published a bimonthly print magazine, LiveWire. GEnie's early chat room was called the LiveWire CB Simulator,[4] after the popular CB radios of the time.
Although GEnie for years was second as a service provider only to CompuServe, the service failed to keep up when Prodigy and America Online produced graphics-based online services that drew the masses. Programs such as Aladdin, which had been developed earlier by an independent developer and eventually supported by GEnie, helped many of the newcomers who came to GEnie from Prodigy and AOL adjust; these were the equivalent of modern-day email programs and newsreaders, incorporating a more user-friendly interface which automated message and mail downloading and posting.
In addition, GEnie took its time developing an Internet e-mail gateway, which opened on July 1, 1993.
GE sold GEnie in 1996 to Yovelle, which was later taken over by IDT Corp. IDT attempted to transition Genie (now without the all-uppercase "GE") to an internet service provider, but ultimately failed. IDT also funded the development of a GUI for the text-based service; this client was actually released, but the service did not survive long enough for it to become popular.
Visitors to GEnie dropped with the growth of other online services and fell dramatically following a very sudden change in the fee structure in 1996. The users were notified with only 12 hours notice that all Basic (flat-rate) services would cease to exist, while prices of the other services would rise dramatically. By the final year, insiders reported fewer than 10,000 total users.
On December 4, 1999, it was announced that GEnie would close for good on December 27 due to Y2K issues. Remaining users gathered in chat areas of the few RoundTables remaining to say goodbye. But GEnie did not close for four more days, and a dwindling number watched at the close of each day. The RoundTables and all areas of GEnie, except the Top page, became unavailable slightly before midnight on December 30, 1999.
Several books, TV shows, films and other projects had their genesis and inspiration on GEnie. One example is the Babylon 5 television show, created by J. Michael Straczynski, which was first announced publicly in GEnie's Science Fiction RoundTables. The SFRTs served as the show's first online "home" and were the source of many in-jokes and references throughout its run.
Bill Louden, the original creator of GEnie, formed a group of investors to buy the Delphi online service from News Corp, where he led the transition of the service from text-only to the Web (and from a pay-per-hour to an advertising-supported revenue model).
著名用户Notable users编辑本段回目录
Many well-known personalities were early adopters of the online medium, and were a prominent presence on GEnie, either active in one of its RoundTables, or frequent public participants in GEnie’s CB Chat.
Tom Clancy, author, participated in the chat area and he played games such as GemStone II with his children.
Peter David, self-styled “writer of stuff,” such as comic books, television and film novelizations, screenwriting and many original novels and short stories
Cory Doctorow, co-author of the Boing Boing blog and science fiction novelist, was active on GEnie’s Science Fiction RoundTable
Damon Knight, author, founder of Science Fiction Writers of America, SFWA Grand Master
Wayne Knight, actor (Seinfeld, Jurassic Park), was an occasional visitor to the ShowBiz RT
Michael Okuda, Star Trek graphics designer frequented the SFRT
Billie Sue Mosiman, frequent presence in Writer’s Ink
Richard Pini, husband of Wendy Pini, and editor/publisher of her cult favorite fantasy (with SF elements) comic book series ElfQuest.
Daniel Pinkwater, frequent presence in Writer’s Ink
Jerry Pournelle, science fiction author and political commentator, had his own RoundTable.
J. Michael Straczynski, television writer, producer and creator of Babylon 5
Wil Wheaton, current “geek author” and actor (Wesley in Star Trek: The Next Generation), was a frequent presence in the chat area
Other well-known science fiction authors who were frequent visitors to the SFRT included Dafydd ab Hugh, John Barnes, Michael Banks, Steven Brust, Michael A. Burstein, Debra Doyle, Gregory Feeley, Neil Gaiman, Joe Haldeman, Katharine Kerr, Michael Kube-McDowell, Paul Levinson, James D. Macdonald, George R.R. Martin, Rich Normandie, Mike Resnick, Robert J. Sawyer, J. Neil Schulman, Josepha Sherman, Susan Shwartz, Sherwood Smith, Martha Soukup, Judith Tarr, Harry Turtledove, Lawrence Watt-Evans, Leslie What, and Jane Yolen. Occasional but less frequent visitors included K. W. Jeter and Ken Grimwood.
Science fiction editors Gardner Dozois, Scott Edelman, Peter Heck, Tappan King, Beth Meacham, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Teresa Nielsen Hayden, and Dean Wesley Smith were also frequent participants.
第二代网络游戏编辑本段回目录
背景：一些专业的游戏开发商和发行商开始涉足网络游戏，如Activision、Interplay、Sierra Online、Stormfront Studios、Virgin Interactive、SSI和TSR等，都曾在这一阶段试探性地进入过这一新兴产业，它们与GEnie、Prodigy、AOL和CompuServe等运营商合作，推出了第一批具有普及意义的网络游戏。 游戏特征：1、网络游戏出现了“可持续性”的概念，玩家所扮演的角色可以成年累月地在同一世界内不断发展，而不像PLATO上的游戏那样，只能在其中扮演一个匆匆过客。2、游戏可以跨系统运行，只要玩家拥有电脑和调制解调器，且硬件兼容，就能连入当时的任何一款网络游戏。 商业模式：网络游戏市场的迅速膨胀刺激了网络服务业的发展，网络游戏开始进入收费时代，许多消费者都愿意支付高昂的费用来玩网络游戏。从《凯斯迈之岛》的每小时12美元到GEnie的每小时6美元，第二代网络游戏的主流计费方式是按小时计费，尽管也有过包月计费的特例，但未能形成气候。 1978年在英国的埃塞克斯大学，罗伊·特鲁布肖用DEC-10编写了世界上第一款MUD游戏——“MUD1”，这是一个纯文字的多人世界，拥有20个相互连接的房间和10条指令，用户登录后可以通过数据库进行人机交互，或通过聊天系统与其他玩家交流。 特鲁布肖离开埃塞克斯大学后，把维护MUD1的工作转交给了理查德·巴特尔，巴特尔利用特鲁布肖开发的MUD专用语言——“MUDDL”继续改进游戏，他把房间的数量增加到400个，进一步完善了数据库和聊天系统，增加了更多的任务，并为每一位玩家制作了计分程序。 1980年埃塞克斯大学与ARPAnet相连后，来自国外的玩家大幅增加，吞噬了大量系统资源，致使校方不得不限制用户的登录时间，以减少DEC-10的负荷。80年代初，巴特尔出于共享和交流的目的，把MUD1的源代码和盘托出供同事及其它大学的研究人员参考，于是这套源代码就被流传了出去。到1983年末，ARPAnet上已经出现了数百份非法拷贝，MUD1在全球各地迅速流传开来，并出现了许多新的版本。如今，这套最古老的MUD系统已被授权给美国最大的在线信息服务机构之一——CompuServe公司，易名为“不列颠传奇”，至今仍在运行之中，成为运作时间最长的MUD系统。 MUD1是第一款真正意义上的实时多人交互网络游戏，它可以保证整个虚拟世界的持续发展。尽管这套系统每天都会重启若干次，但重启后游戏中的场景、怪物和谜题仍保持不变，这使得玩家所扮演的角色可以获得持续的发展。MUD1的另一重要特征是，它可以在全世界任何一台PDP-10计算机上运行，而不局限于埃塞克斯大学的内部系统。 1982年，约翰·泰勒和凯尔顿·弗林组建Kesmai公司，这家公司在网络游戏的发展史上留下了不少具有纪念意义的作品。Kesmai公司的第一份合约是与CompuServe签订的，当时约翰·泰勒看见了CompuServe打出的一则名为“太空战士”（MegaWars）的广告——“如果你能编写一款这样的游戏，你就能获得每月3万美元的版税金”，他便把同凯尔顿·弗林一起开发的《凯斯迈之岛》（The Island of Kesmai）的使用手册寄了一份给当时在CompuServe负责游戏业务的比尔·洛登，洛登对此很感兴趣。《凯斯迈之岛》的运行平台为UNIX系统，而CompuServe使用的是DEC-20计算机，于是Kesmai公司重新为CompuServe开发了一个DEC-20的版本。这款游戏运营了大约13年，1984年开始正式收费，收费标准为每小时12美元。同年，MUD1也在英国的Compunet上推出了第一个商业版本。 1984年，马克·雅克布斯组建AUSI公司（《亚瑟王的暗黑时代》的开发者Mythic娱乐公司的前身），并推出游戏《阿拉达特》（Aradath）。雅克布斯在自己家里搭建了一个服务器平台，安装了8条电话线以运行这款文字角色扮演游戏，游戏的收费标准为每月40美元，这是网络游戏史上第一款采用包月制的网络游戏，包月制的收费方式有利于加速网络游戏的平民化进程，对网络游戏的普及将起到重要作用。遗憾的是，包月制在当时并没有成长起来的条件，1990年AUSI公司为《龙门》（Dragon’s Gate）定的价格为每小时20美元，尽管费率高得惊人，但仍有人愿意每月花上2000多美元去玩这款游戏，因此在80年代末90年代初，包月制并未引起人们的关注。 1985年，比尔·洛登说服通用电气公司（GE）的信息服务部门投资建立了一个类似CompuServe的、商业化的、基于ASCII文本的网络服务平台，这套平台被称为GEnie（GE Network for Information Exchange）。GEnie于10月份正式启动，其低廉的收费标准在用户中间引起了巨大反响，也令一向有着强烈优越感的CompuServe感受到了竞争的压力。GEnie系统实际上是利用GE信息服务部门的服务器在夜晚的空闲时间为用户提供服务，因此收费非常低廉，晚上的价格约为每小时6美元，几乎是CompuServe的一半。 同年11月，Quantum Computer Services（AOL的前身）毫无声息地推出了QuantumLink平台，这是一个专为Commandore 64/128游戏机玩家服务的图形网络平台，费率仅为每月9.95美元。这一收费标准完全可以成为网络游戏发展史上的一个重要里程碑，但由于当时的Commandore 64/128游戏机已步入衰退期，因此这项具有革命意义的收费标准如同雅克布斯的“家庭作坊”一样，未能引起人们的重视，否则网络游戏的革命很可能会提前来到。 无论如何，更多运营商的介入令网络服务业的竞争激烈了起来，费率的下调已成必然趋势。这一阶段的美国网络游戏业如同现阶段国内的网络游戏业，运营商与游戏商在网络游戏身上大赚了一笔。1988年，Quantum从TSR手中购得“龙与地下城”的授权，三年后，第一款AD&D设定的网络游戏——《夜在绝冬城》（Neverwinter Nights）诞生，这款游戏运营了若干年，尽管所采用的图像技术陈旧不堪，但仅在它生命周期的最后一年，即1996年，它就为AOL带来了500万美元的收益。 1991年，Sierra公司架设了世界上第一个专门用于网络游戏的服务平台——The Sierra Network（后改名为ImagiNation Network，1996年被AOL收购），这个平台有点类似于国内的联众游戏，它的第一个版本主要用于运行棋牌游戏（当时的比尔·盖茨是一名狂热的桥牌手，在Sierra Network上拥有自己的账号，且常常光顾），第二个版本加入了《叶塞伯斯的阴影》（The Shadow of Yserbius）、《红色伯爵》（Red Baron）和《幻想空间》（Leisure Suit Larry Vegas）等功能更为复杂的网络游戏。当时Sierra Network的运营者还曾同理查德·加利奥特联系，希望把开发中的《网络创世纪》搬到Sierra Network上。随后几年内，MPG-Net、TEN、Engage和Mplayer等一批网络游戏专用平台相继出现。
相关链接编辑本段回目录
参考文献编辑本段回目录
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1325816.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEnie
