The IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC), also called Poppa, was an electromechanical computer built by IBM, finished in January 1948.
The IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC), dedicated in 1948 by Thomas J. Watson, Sr., at IBM's headquarters at 590 Madison Avenue in New York City, was the first operating computer to combine electronic computation with stored instructions and it was the last of the large electromechanical computers ever built. It was the first computer to run a stored program, although the computer was not fully electronic. Wallace J. Eckert was in charge of the development of the SSEC. It was placed on the ground floor of IBM's main office building in New York City, where it was visible to people on the sidewalk. It was demonstrated to the public on January 27, 1948 and ran until August 1952, when it was dismantled, having been made obsolete by electronic computers, and an IBM 701 computer installed in its place. A. Wayne Brooke served as the chief electronic engineer for the project and oversaw a team of engineers during the short life of the SSEC.
The SSEC, a hybrid of vacuum tubes and electromechanical relays, combined the speed of electronic circuits with a storage capacity of 400,000 digits. Approximately 13,500 vacuum tubes were used in the arithmetic unit and its eight high-speed registers, which had an access time of under 1 millisecond. SSEC had 21,400 relays that were used for control and 150 slower-speed registers, with an access time of 20 milliseconds. The arithmetic unit of the SSEC was a modified IBM 603 electronic multiplier. Addition took 285 microseconds and multiplication took 20,000 microseconds, making it approximately 100 times faster than the Harvard Mark I. Data which had to be retrieved quickly were held in electronic circuits while the remainder were stored in relays and as holes in continuous card stock tapes.
The SSEC was very reliable for its time, making about one error for every eight hours of operation. It was used for calculations by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and for calculating the positions of planets.
It has sometimes been said that the SSEC produced the moon-position tables that were later used for plotting the course of the 1969 Apollo flight to the moon. Records closer to 1969 suggest, however, that while there was a relationship, it was most likely less immediate. Thus, Mulholland and Devine (1968), working at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reported that the JPL Ephemeris Tape System was "used for virtually all computations of spacecraft trajectories in the US space program", and that it had, as its current lunar ephemeris, an evaluation of the Improved Lunar Ephemeris incorporating a number of corrections: sources are named as 'The Improved Lunar Ephemeris' (documentation which was the report of the Eckert computations carried out by the SSEC, complete with lunar position results from 1952-1971), with corrections as described by Eckert et al. (1966), and in the Supplement to the AE 1968[5]. Taken together, the corrections thus referenced modify practically every individual element of the lunar computations, and thus the space program appears to have been using lunar data generated by a modified and corrected derivative of the computational procedure pioneered using the SSEC, rather than the directly resulting tables themselves.
计算机的历史学家常常没有认识到CPC的重要性,多是因为CPC被称为计算器(calculator)而不是计算机(computer)。沃森坚持用计算器一词是由于他担心computer一词总是指计算员,会被人认为没有什么技术含量。这也就是他为什么也坚持叫哈佛马克一型(Harvard Mark I) 和SSEC 为计算器的缘故。但是不管怎样,IBM从一开始就是有效的科学计算产品的带头人。