作者：Robert H’obbes’ Zakon | Internet福音传道者 | 译者：郭力
Internet大事记的版权归Robert H Zakon所有(c)1993-9。只要保留版权说明，给出在一个在本文档最后的指向本大事记的连接地址，并且不是出于商业目的，均可以使用本文的部分或全部内容，但是使用者必须向作者提供一份使用本大事记的拷贝。如果要将大事记用于商业目的，请首先与作者联系。在用电子邮件告知作者所做链接的URL之后，欢迎链接本大事记。
作者感谢Internet协会负责保留这份大事记，也感谢那些在作者进行系统收集有关信息时给作者以建议和帮助作者进行宗谱学研究的广大的Internet用户。
50年代
1957
60年代
1961
- MIT的Leonard Kleinrock发表"Information Flow in Large Communication Nets"，(7月) 第一篇有关包交换(PS)的论文。
1962
- MIT的J.C.R. Licklider和W. Clark发表"On-Line Man Computer Communication"，(8月) 包含有分布式社交行为的全球网络概念。
1964
- RAND公司的Paul Baran发表"On Distributed Communications Networks"。包交换网络；不存在出口。
1965
- ARPA资助进行"分时计算机系统的合作网络"研究。
- MIT林肯实验室的TX-2计算机与位于加州圣莫尼卡的系统开发公司的Q-32计算机通过1200bps的电话专线直接连接(没有使用包交换)。随后APRA又将数据设备公司(DEC)的计算机加入其中，组成了"实验网络"。
1966
- MIT的Lawrence G. Roberts发表"Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers"，(10月) 第一个ARPANET计划。
1967
- 在美国密西根州Ann Arbor召开的ARPA IPTO PI会议上，Larry Roberts组织了有关ARPANET设计方案的讨论。(4月) 在田纳西州Gatlinburg召开ACM操作原则专题研讨会。(10月) Lawrence G. Roberts发表第一篇关于ARPANET设计的论文"Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication"。
- 三个独立的包交换网络(RAND、NPL、ARPA)开发人员的第一次会议。
- 位于英国Middlesex的国家物理实验室(NDL)在D. W. Davies的主持下开发了国家物理实验室数据网络，D. W. Davies是首先使用"包"(packet)这个术语的人。NDL网络是一个包交换的实验网络，它使用了768kpbs的通信线路。
1968
- 向高级研究计划局(ARPA)演示包交换网络。
- 8月递交有关ARPANET的建议书，9月受到回应。
- 10月，加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)获得建立网络测量中心的合同。
- Bolt Beranek and Newman、Inc.公司(BBN)获得建立接口消息处理机(IMP)中的包交换部分的合同。
- 美国参议员Edward Kennedy向BBN公司发出祝贺电报，祝贺他们从ARPA处获得百万美圆的合同来建造 "Interfaith"(他的笔误，应为"Interface"接口)消息处理机，并感谢他们的努力。
- 以Steve Crocker为首的松散组织，网络工作组(NWG)，开始开发用于APRANET通信的主机一级的协议。
1969
- 美国国防部委托开发ARPANET，进行联网的研究。
- 使用BBN公司开发的接口消息处理器IMP建立节点(配有12K存储器的Honeywell DDP-516小型计算机)；AT&T公司提供速率为50kpbs的通信线路。
- 节点1：UCLA(8月30日，9月2日接入)
功能：网络测量中心
主机、操作系统：SDS SIGMA 7、SEX - 节点2：斯坦福研究院(SRI)(10月1日)
功能：网络信息中心(NIC)
主机、操作系统：SDS940、Genie Doug Engelbart有关"Augmentation of Human Intellect"的计划 - 节点3：加州大学圣巴巴拉分校(UCSB)(11月1日)
功能：Culler-Fried交互式数学
主机、操作系统：IBM 360/75、OS/MVT - 节点4：Utah大学(12月)
功能：图形处理
主机、操作系统：DEC PDP-10、Tenex - 由Steve Crocker编写的第一份RFC文件"Host Software"(4月7日)。
- REC 4：Network Timetable UCLA的Charley Kline试图登录到SRI上，发出了第一个数据包，他的第一次尝试在键入LOGIN的G的时候引起了系统的崩溃。(10月20日或者29日，需查实) 密西根州的密西根大学和怀俄明州立大学为他们的学生、教师及校友建立了基于X.25的Merit网络。(:sw1:)
70年代
1970
- 第一份有关最初的ARPANET主机-主机间通信协议的出版物：C.S. Carr、S. Crocker和V.G. Cerf的 "HOST - HOST Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network"，发表于AFIPS的SJCC会议论文集上。(:vgc:)
- AFIPS的第一篇有关ARPANET的报告："Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing"(3月) 夏威夷大学的Norman Abrahamson开发的第一个包交换无线网络ALOHAnet开始运行(7月)(:sk2:)。
- 1972年与ARPANET相连。
- ARPANET的主机开始使用第一个主机-主机间协议，网络控制协议(NCP)。
- AT&T在UCLA和BBN之间建成了第一个跨国家连接的56kbps的通信线路。这条线路后来被BBN和RAND间的另一条线路取代。第二条线路连接MIT和Utah大学。
Ray Tomlinson
1971
- ARPANET上连接了15个节点(23台主机)：UCLA、SRI、UCSB、Univ of Utah、BBN、MIT、RAND、SDC、Harvard、Lincoln Lab、Stanford、UIU(C)、CWRU、CMU、NASA/Ames。
- BBN开始使用更便宜的Honeywell 316来构造IMP。但由于IMP有只能连接4台主机的限制，BBN开始研究能支持64台主机的终端型IMP(TIP)。(9月) BBN的Ray Tomlinson发明了通过分布式网络发送消息的email程序。最初的程序由两部分构成：同一机器内部的email程序(SENDMSG)和一个实验性的文件传输程序(CPYNET)。(:amk:irh:)
1972
- BBN的Ray Tomlinson为ARPANET修改了email程序，这个程序变得非常热门。Tomlinson的33型电传打字机选用"@"作为代表"在"的含义的标点符号(3月)Larry Roberts写出了第一个email管理程序(RD)，可以将信件列表、有选择地阅读、转存文件、转发和回复。(7月)由Bob Kahn组织的计算机通信国际会议(ICCC)在华盛顿特区的Hilton饭店召开，会上演示了由40台计算机和终端接口处理机(TIP)组成的ARPANET。(10月) 在ICCC大会期间，精神科病人PARRY(在Stanford)与医生(在BBN)第一次使用计算机-计算机间聊天的形式讨论了病情。
- ICCC大会认为高级联网技术需要进一步共同合作，导致在10月成立了国际网络工作组(INWG)，Vinton Cerf被指定担任第一届主席。到了1974年，INWG成为IFIP的6.1工作组。(:vgc:)
- Louis Pouzin领导建立法国自己的ARPANET-CYCLADES。
- RFC 318：Telnet specification
1973
- ARPANET首次进行国际联网：伦敦大学(英国)和NORSAR(挪威)。
- Harvard大学Bob Metcalfe的博士论文首先提出了以太网的概念。他的概念在Xerox公司的PARC的Alto计算机上进行了测试，第一个以太网叫做Alto Aloha System(5月)。(:amk:)
- Bob Kahn提出了建立Internet的问题，并开始在ARPA进行网络互连的研究。3月，Vinton Cerf在旧金山一个饭店的大堂里，将网关体系结构的草图画在一个信封的背面。(:vgc:)
- 9月，在英国伯明翰的Sussex大学召开的INWG会议上Cerf和Kahn提出了Internet的基本概念。
- RFC 454：File Transfer specification
- 网络声音协议(NVP)规范(RFC 741)及其实现使通过ARPAnet上召开会议通知成为可能。(:bb1:)
- SRI(NIC)在3月开始出版ARPANET新闻；据估计ARPANET用户有2000人。
- ARPA研究显示在ARPANET的通信量中email占了75%。
- 圣诞节死锁 -- Harvard的IMP硬件故障导致它向所有的ARPANET节点发出了长度为0的广播信息，造成所有其他的IMP都将它们的通信转向Harvard。(12月25日)
- RFC 527: ARPAWOCKY
- RFC 602: The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care
1974
- Vinton Cerf和Bob Kahn发表了论文 "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection"，文中对TCP协议的设计作了详细的描述。[IEEE Trans Comm](:amk:)
- BBN开始提供ARPANET上第一个公共包数据服务Telenet(ARPANET的一个商业版本)。(:sk2:)
1975
- DCA(现在是DISA)接管Internet的运行管理。
- Steve Walker建立ARPANET第一个邮件抄送表(mailing list)MsgGroup，因为最初该表不是自动管理的，Einar Stefferud很快接受成为它的管理者。一个有关科幻小说的抄送表SF-Lovers成为早期最受欢迎的非官方抄送表。
- John Vittal开发研制了全功能email程序MSG，它具有邮件回复、转发、归档功能。
- 跨越两大洋的人造卫星连接(连接夏威夷和英国)，第一次通过它进行的TCP测试是Stanford、BBN和UCL进行的。
- SAIL的Raphael Finkel编写的 "Jargon File"第一次发布。(:esr:)
- John Brunner出版科幻小说 "The Shockwave Rider"。(:pds:)
1976
- 2月，英国女王伊丽莎白二世在Malvern的皇家信号与雷达研究院(RSRE)发出一封电子邮件。
- AT &T的Bell实验室开发了UUCP(Unix到Unix文件拷贝)，并于第二年同UNIX一同发行。
- 开发出多处理器多总线IMP。
Larry Landweber
1977
- 美国威斯康星大学(Wisconsin)的Larry Landweber开发了THEORYNET，为超过100名计算机科学家提供电子邮件服务(使用他们自己开发的基于TELENET的email系统)。
- RFC 733：Mail specification Tymshare公司发表Tymnet。
- 7月，举行了运行Internet协议的ARPANET/旧金山湾无线包交换网/大西洋SANNET演示会，演示会采用了BBN提供的网关。
1978
- TCP分解成TCP和IP两个协议。(3月)RFC 748：TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option
1979
- 来自威斯康星大学、DARPA、美国国家科学基金会(NSF)以及许多其他大学的计算机科学家召开会议，计划建立一个连接各学校计算机系的网络(会议由Larry Landweber组织)。
- Tom Truscott和Steve Bellovin使用UUCP协议建立了连接Duke大学和UNC的USENET，最初USENET只包括net.*新闻组。
- Essex大学的Richard Bartle和Roy Trubshaw开发了第一个多人参与的游戏MUD，它被称做MUD1。
- ARPA建立了Internet结构控制委员会(ICCB)。
- 在DARPA的资助下开始进行无线包交换网(PRNET)的实验，它主要用于汽车之间的通信。ARPANET通过SRI进行连接。
- 4月12日，Kevin MacKenzie向MsgGroup发出email，建议在email的枯燥单调文字中加入一些表情符号，比如-)表示伸出舌头。他的建议多次引起争论，最后被广泛应用。
80年代
1980
- 10月27日，由于一种状态信息病毒出人意料的自我繁殖，ARPANET完全停止运行。
- BBN的第一部基于C/30的IMP。
1981
- BITNET，"Because It’s Time NETwork"。
- 首先美国纽约市立大学建立的合作网络，连接的第一个节点是耶鲁大学。(:feg:)
- 根据同IBM系统一道提供的免费NJE协议，最初名字缩写中的 "T"代表的是"There"而不是"Time"。
- 提供电子邮件服务、建立了电子论坛服务器来传播信息，还提供文件传输服务。
- 由美国国家科学基金会提供启动资金，Univ of Delaware、Purdue Univ、Univ of Wisconsin、RAND公司和BBN的计算机科学家们合作建立了CSNET(计算机科学网络)，为那些不能与ARPANET连接的科学家提供网络服务(主要是电子邮件服务)。CSNET后来又被称为计算机与科学网络。(:amk,lhl:)
- 基于C/30的IMP在网络中占主导地位；SAC的第一部急于C/30的TIP。
- 法国Telecom公司在法国全境部署Minitel(Teletel)网。
- Vernor Vinge出版小说 "True Names"。(:pds:)
- RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan
1982
- 挪威采用TCP/IP协议，经SANNET接入Internet；UCL也以同样的方式接入。
- DCA和ARPA为ARPANET制定传输控制协议(TCP)和网际协议(IP)，作为一组协议，通常称为TCP/IP协议。
- 由此第一次引出了关于互连网络的定义，即将 "internet"定义为使用TCP/IP连接起来的一组网络； "Internet"则是通过TCP/IP协议连接起来的"internet"。
- 美国国防部(DoD)宣布将TCP/IP协议作为DoD标准网络协议。(:vgc:)
- EUUG建立EUnet(欧洲Unix网)，提供email和USENET服务。(:glg:)
- 最初连接的国家有荷兰、丹麦、瑞典和英国。
- 外部网关协议(EGP，RFC 827)，EGP用于网络间的网关。
1983
- 美国威斯康星大学开发了名字服务器，这样，用户不需要了解到另一个节点的确切路径就可以与其进行通信。
- ARPANET从NCP协议切换为TCP/IP协议。(1月1日) 不再使用Honeywell或者多总线(Pluribus)IMP，TIP被TAC(terminal access controller，终端访问控制机)代替。Stuttgart和韩国上网。
- 年初欧洲开始建立运动信息网(MINET)，9月接入Internet。
- CSNET与ARPANET的网关开始启用。
- ARPANET分成ARPANET和MILNET两部分，后者并入1982年建立的国防数据网。现存113个节点中的68个进入MILNET。
- 开始出现工作站，它们大多使用包含有IP网络协议的Berkeley Unix(4.2 BSD)操作系统。(:mpc:)
- 连网需求从每个节点单独的大型分时计算机系统与Internet相连转为将一个局域网络与Internet相连。
- 建立Internet行动委员会(IAB)，取代了ICCB。
- EARN(欧洲科学研究网)建立，它同BITNET非常相似，使用IBM公司赞助的网关硬件。
- Tom Jennings建立Fidonet。
William Gibson
1984
- 引入名字服务器系统(DNS)。
- 主机数超过1,000。
- 使用UUCP协议的JUNET(日本Unix网)建成。
- 英国使用Coloured Book协议建成JANET(联合学术网)，就是以前的SERCnet。
- USENET建立人工管理新闻组(mod.*)
- William Gibson完成Neuromancer。
- 加拿大开始用一年的时间将大学连网的努力。从多伦多向Ithaca连接，NetNorth Network连入BITNET。(:kf1:)
- Kremvax的消息宣布苏联连入USENET。
1985
- 全球电子连接(WELL)开始提供服务。
- 原由DCA和SRI负责的DNS根域名管理的职责移交给USC的信息科学学院(ISI)，负责进行DNS NIC的注册管理。
- 3月15日Symbolics.com成为第一个登记的域名。最初的其他几个域名是：cmu.edu、purdue.edu、rice.edu、ucla.edu(4月)；css.gov(6月)；mitre.org、.uk(7月)。
- 加拿大横跨东西海岸的铁路铺设用了100年的时间，而从开始到最后一个加拿大的大学连入NetNorth只用了1年的时间。(:kf1:)
- RFC 968： ’Twas the Night Before Start-up
1986
- NSFnet建成(主干网速率为56K bps)。
- NSF在美国建立了五个超级计算中心，为所有用户提供强大的计算能力。(Princeton的JVNC，Pittsburgh的PSC，UCSD的SDSC，UIUC的NCSA，Cornell的Theory Center)
- 这掀起了一个与Internet连接的高潮，尤其是各大学。
- NSF资助的SDSCNET、JVNCNET、SURANET、NYSERNET开始运营。(:sw1:)
- IAB成立Internet工程特别工作(IETF)和Internet研究特别工作组。IETF第一次会议1月在San Diego的Linkabit召开。
- 在公共计算协会(SoPAC)的赞助下，7月16日第一次Freenet会议上网召开(Cleveland)。Freenet后续议程的管理由1989年国家公共远程计算网络(NPTN)负责管理。(:sk2,rab:)
- 为提高USENET新闻在TCP/IP网络上的传输效率，制定了网络新闻传输协议(NNTP)。
- 为使非IP网络拥有域地址，Craig Partridge开发了邮件交换器(MX)记录。
- USENET更名，它的人工管理新闻组1987年更名。
- 使用高速连接线路的BARRNET(海湾地区研究网络)建成并与1987年开始运营。
- AT &T公司在新泽西州的Newark和纽约州的White Plains之间的传输光纤线路中断，导致新英格兰州州与Internet的连接中断。新英格兰州的7条ARPANET主干网都连在一起，它们在12月12日东部时间1:11到12:11间停止运行。
1987
- NSF签定合作协议，将NSFnet主干网的管理权移交给Merit网络公司(IBM公司和MCI公司又同Merit公司签定协议，三家共同参与管理)。IBM公司、MCI公司、Merit公司后来联合成立了ANS。
- 在Usenix基金的支持下建立了UUNET，提供商业的UUCP服务和USENET服务。最初的UUNET实验由Rick Adams和Mike O’Dell完成。
- 3月，第一届TCP/IP Interoperability会议召开。1988年会议改名为INTEROP。
- 在德国和中国间采用CSNET协议建立了email连接，9月20日从中国发出了第一封信。(:wz1:)
- 第1000份RFC文件： "Request For Comments reference guide"。
- 主机数超过10,000。
- BITNET的主机数超过1,000。
1988
- 11月2日 - Internet蠕虫在Internet上蔓延，全部60,000个节点中的大约6,000个节点受到影响。(:ph1:)
- 莫立斯蠕虫事件促使DARPA建立了CERT(计算机危机快速反应小组)以应付此类事件。蠕虫是CERT年内受到咨询的唯一的一件事情。
- 美国国防部采纳OSI协议，将TCP/IP作为过渡。美国的政府OSI大纲(GOSIP)公布了美国政府部门采购的产品所必须支持的一组协议。(:gck:)
- 在没有使用联邦基金的情况下建立了Los Nettos网络，网络由当地的一些机构(包括Caltech、TIS、UCLA、USC、ISI)支持。
- NSFNET主干网速率升级到T1(1.544M bps)。
- 在Susan Estrada资助下建立了CERFnet(加里福尼亚教育与研究联合网)。
- 12月以Jon Postel为首的Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA)成立。Postel多年来还是REC文件编辑和美国域名注册管理者。
- Jarkko Oikarinen开发了Internet网上聊天(IRC)。(:zby:)
- 加拿大的地区网络第一次连入NSFNET：ONet通过Cornell、RISQ通过Princeton、BCnet通过华盛顿大学。(:ec1:)
- FidoNet连入Internet，可以交换email和网络新闻。(:tp1:)
- 1988年夏季在Stanford和BBN间建立了第一个多址传送通道。
- 连入NSFNET的国家： 加拿大(CA)、丹麦(DK)、芬兰(FI)、法国(FR)、冰岛(IC)、挪威(NO)、瑞典(SE)。
1989
- 主机数超过100,000。
- 欧洲提供Internet服务的公司建立了RIPE(Reseaux IP Europeens)，为泛欧洲的IP网络提供管理和技术上的支持。(:glg:)
- 商业电子邮件系统第一次同Internet进行邮件接力传递：MCI邮递公司通过National Research Initiative(CNRI)、 Compuserv通过Ohio大学进行邮件交换。(:jg1,ph1:)
- CSNET并入BITNET，成立了研究与教育合作网(CREN)。(8月)
- AARNET - 澳大利亚科学研究网 - 由AVCC和CSIRO建立，并于第二年年开始提供服务。(:gmc:)
- Clifford Stoll完成了 "布谷鸟的蛋"一书，讲述了关于德国的一个密码破译小组通过网络入侵到美国的多台计算机设施中的真实故事。
- UCLA资助Act One研讨会，以庆祝ARPANET建成20周年和它的功成身退。(8月)
- RFC 1121: Act One - The Poems
- RFC 1097: TELNET SUBLIMINAL-MESSAGE Option
- 连入NSFNET的国家：澳大利亚(AU)、德国(DE)、以色列(IL)、意大利(IT)、日本(JP)、墨西哥(MX)、荷兰(NL)、新西兰(NZ)、波多黎哥(PR)、英国(UK)。
90年代
1990
- ARPANET停止运营。
- Mitch Kapor组建Electronic Frontier Foundation(EFF)。
- McGill大学的Peter Deutsch，Alan Emtage和Bill Heelan发布了archie。
- Peter Scott(Saskatchewan大学)发布了Hytelnet。
- 世界在线(world.std.com)成为第一个Internet电话拨号接入服务提供商。
- ISO开发环境(ISODE)为DoD提供了向OSI协议转移的手段。ISODE软件允许在TCP/IP协议环境下运行OSI应用程序。(:gck:)
- 加拿大10个地区性的网络组成了CA$*$net，作为加拿大的国家主干网与NSFNET直接相连。(:ec1:)
- 第一台远程操作的机器，John Romkey的Internet烤面包机(通过SNMP协议对它进行控制)，接入Internet，并在Interop会议上初次亮相。图片：Internode、Invisible。
- RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers
- RFC 1178: Choosing a Name for Your Computer 连入NSFNET的国家：阿根廷(AR)、奥地利(AT)、比利时(BE)、巴西(BR)、智利(CL)、希腊(GR)、印度(IN)、爱尔兰(IE)、韩国(KR)、西班牙(ES)、瑞士(CH)。
1991
- General Atomics(CERFnet)，Performance Systems International，Inc.(PSInet )和UUNET Technologies，Inc.(AlterNet)在NSF解除了Internet商业应用的限制后联合组建Commercial Internet eXchange Association，Inc.(CIX)公司。(3月)
- Thinking Machines公司发布由Brewster Kahle发明的广域消息服务器(WAIS)。
- 美国明尼苏达大学的Paul Lindner和Mark P. McCahill发布Gopher。
- CERN发布World-Wide Web (WWW)，开发者为 Tim Berners-Lee。(:pb1:)
- Philip Zimmermann发布PGP(Pretty Good Privacy)。(:ad1:)
- 根据美国高性能计算条例(Gore 1)，建立了国家研究与教育网(NREN)。
- NSFNET主干网速率升级到T3(44.736M bps)。
- NSFNET的通信量达到10^12字节/月和10^10包/月。
- DISA与Government Systems Inc签定合同，在5月由后者接替SRI成为美国国防数据网的NIC。
- JANET IP服务(JIPS)开始运营，标志着英国学术网所使用的软件从Coloured Book转向TCP/IP。IP协议最初是在X.25协议内部转换的。(:gst:)
- RFC 1216: Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts
- RFC 1217: Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR)
- 连入NSFNET的国家和地区：克罗地亚(HR)、捷克共和国(CZ)、中国香港(HK)、匈牙利(HU)、波兰(PL)、葡萄牙(PT)、新加坡(SG)、南非(ZA)、中国台湾(TW)、突尼斯(TN)。
1992
- Internet协会(ISOC)成立。(1月)
- IAB更名为Internet Architecture Board，并成为Internet协会的一部分。
- 主机数超过1,000,000。
- 第一次进行MBONE音频广播(3月)和视频广播(11月)。
- 4月，RIPE的Network Coordination Center(NCC)建立，向欧洲的Internet用户提供地址注册和协调服务。(:dk1:)
- Nevada大学发布了gopher空间查询工具Veronica。
- 世界银行提供在线服务。
- Jean Armour Polly创造术语 "网络冲浪"("surfing the Internet")。(:jap:)
- Brendan Kehoe出版 "Zen and the Art of the Internet"一书。(:jap:)
- Rick Gates开始提供Internet Hunt测验。
- RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past
- RFC 1313: Today ’s Programming for KRFC AM 1313 - Internet Talk Radio
- 连入NSFNET的国家：南极洲(AQ)、喀麦隆(CM)、塞浦路斯(CY)、厄瓜多尔(EC)、爱沙尼亚(EE)、科威特(KW)、拉脱维亚(LV)、卢森堡(LU)、马来西亚(MY)、斯洛伐克(SK)、斯洛文尼亚(SI)、泰国(TH)、委内瑞拉(VE)。
1993
- NSF建立InterNIC，提供以下Internet服务：(:sc1:)
- 目录和数据库服务(AT &T)。
- 注册服务(Network Solutions Inc.)。
- 信息服务(General Atomics Inc./CERFnet)。
- 美国白宫提供在线服务( http://www.whitehouse.gov/)：
- 总统Bill Clinton： president@whitehouse.gov
- 副总统Al Gore： vice-president@whitehouse.gov
- 新的蠕虫在Internet上发现他们的生存空间 - 出现了WWW蠕虫(W4)，接着出现了蜘蛛、漫游者、爬虫和蛇等...
- Internet Talk Radio开始播音。(:sk2:)
- 联合国提供在线服务。(:vgc:)
- 美国国家信息基础设施(NII)条例。
- Internet开始引起商业界和新闻媒体的注意。
- 9月，日本的InterCon International KK(IIKK)第一次提供商业Internet接入，从第二个月开始，TWICS租用IIKK的线路开始提供电话拨号上网帐号。(:tb1:)
- Internet刮起Mosaic旋风，WWW在Internet上的通信量的年增长率达到341,634%。gopher的年增长率是997%。
- RFC 1437: The Extension of MIME Content-Types to a New Medium
- RFC 1438: IETF Statements of Boredom (SOBs)
- 连入NSFNET的国家：保加利亚(BG)、哥斯达黎加(CR)、埃及(EG)、斐济(FJ)、加纳(GH)、关岛(GU)、印度尼西亚(ID)、哈萨克斯坦(KZ)、肯尼亚(KE)、列支敦士登(LI)、秘鲁(PE)、罗马尼亚(RO)、俄罗斯联邦(RU)、土耳其(TR)、乌克兰(UA)、阿联酋(AE)、美国维尔京群岛(VI)。
1994
- 庆祝ARPANET/Internet诞生25周年。
- 社区开始直接连入Internet(美国Mass的Lexington and Cambridge社区)。
- 美国参议院和美国众议院开始提供信息服务。
- 购物中心上网。
- 第一家网上电台RT-FM开始在Las Vegas的Interop会议上播音。
- 美国标准与技术研究院(NIST)建议GOSIP放弃 "只使用OSI协议标准"的原则，而采纳TCP/IP协议。(:gck:)
- 美国Arizona州的Canter & Siegel法律事务所在Internet发出大量"垃圾"email广告以推销其绿卡业务，网络用户愤怒地予以回应。
- NSFNET的通信量达到10^13字节/月。
- 通过Hut online可直接订购比萨饼。
- 根据在NSFNET上传输的包和字节数所占的百分数，WWW超过telnet成为Internet上第二种最受欢迎的服务(最受欢迎的服务是文件传输)。
- 日本首相提供在线服务( http://www.kantei.go.jp/)。
- 英国财政大臣提供在线服务( http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/)。
- 新西兰总理提供在线服务( http://www.govt.nz/)。
- 第一家网上银行First Virtual开始营业。
- 电台开始在网上提供不间断摇滚乐广播：Univ of NC的WXYC、Univ of KS-Lawrence的WJHK、Western WA Univ的WJHK。
- RARE和EARN合并成立了欧洲科研与教育网联盟(TERENA)，它包括了38个国家、CERN及ECMWF。TERENA的目标是 "推动并参与国际高性能的信息与远程通信基础设施的开发，为科研与教育服务"。(10月) Bill Woodcock和Jon Postel注意到在很多的网络软件商家的文档例子中使用domain.com这个域名，于是他们就注册了这个域名。果然，经过分析域访问日志文件，他们发现有很多用户使用例子中的"domain.com"域名来配置他们的应用软件。
- RFC 1605: SONET to Sonnet Translation
- RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9
- RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY
- 连入NSFNET的国家和地区：阿尔及利亚(DZ)、亚美尼亚(AM)、百慕大(BM)、布几纳法索(BF)、中国(CN)、哥伦比亚(CO)、牙买加(JM)、约旦(JO)、黎巴嫩(LB)、立陶宛(LT)、中国澳门(MO)、摩洛哥(MA)、新喀里多尼亚、尼加拉瓜(NI)、尼日尔(NE)、巴拿马(PA)、菲律宾(PH)、塞内加尔(SN)、斯里兰卡(LK)、瑞士(SZ)、乌拉圭(UY)、乌兹别克斯坦(UZ)。
- 按主机数目排名前10的域名：com、edu、uk、gov、de、ca、mil、au、org、net
1995
- NSFNET恢复成为学术网络，美国大部分的主干网业务由互联的网络服务提供商办理。
- NSF建立超高速主干网服务(vBNS)，连接超级计算中心：NCAR、NCSA、SDSC、CTC、PSC，新的NSFNET诞生。
- 香港警方为了搜捕一个计算机 "黑客(hacker)"，除了本地的一个Internet供应商外，关闭了所有的Internet供应商，使10,000人无法使用网络。
- 5月23日，Sun公司发布JAVA。
- 使用音频流技术的RealAudio使在网上可以收听到接近于真实的声音。
- 第一家只在Internet上播出的24小时不停机的商业电台Radio HK开始播音。
- 3月，若以数据包计，WWW超过ftp成为NSFNET上流量最大的服务，若以字节记则4月WWW超过ftp。
- 传统拨号服务系统(Compuserve、America Online、Prodigy)开始提供Internet连接服务。
- 在MN大学的一座桥下的野营篝火烤化了光纤线路，在这一瞬间，成千的Minneapolis-St. Paul(美国)的人们失去了网络连接。(7月30日)
- 一些网络行业的公司上市，Netscape为其中的佼佼者，它成为NASDAQ IPO价值第三高的公司。(8月9日) 域名注册不再免费，从9月14日起每年缴纳$50，在这之前是由NSF资助的。而NSF继续为.edu缴纳费用，也为.gov暂时代缴。
- 梵蒂冈上网( http://www.vatican.va/)。
- 加拿大政府上网( http://canada.gc.ca/)。
- 第一次官方的Internet窃听成功地帮助秘密机关和药品管制局(DEA)逮捕了三个非法制作和销售复制移动电话的设备和其他电子设备的罪犯。
- Operation Home Front上网，士兵开始在战场可以通过Internet与家人联系。
- 由于使用了RSA文件安全加密技术，根据美国武器出口控制法律，Richard White成为第一个经营军需品的个人。(:wired496:)
- RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas 连入NSFNET的国家：埃塞俄比亚(ET)、象牙海岸(CI)、库克群岛(CK)、开曼群岛(KY)、安格拉(AI)、直布罗陀(GI)、梵蒂冈(VA)、基里巴斯(KI)、吉尔吉斯斯坦(KG)、马达加斯加(MG)、毛里求斯(MU)、密克罗尼西亚(FM)、摩纳哥(MC)、蒙古(MN)、尼泊尔(NP)、尼日利亚(NG)、西萨摩亚(WS)、圣马力诺(SM)、坦桑尼亚(TZ)、汤加(TO)、乌干达(UG)、瓦努阿图(VU)。
- 按主机数目排名前10的域名：com、edu、net、gov、mil、org、de、uk、ca、au
- 年度技术：WWW、搜索引擎。
- 最新技术：可移植代码(JAVA、JAVAscript)、虚拟环境(VRML)、协同工作工具。
1996
网络电话引起美国电信公司的注意，他们要求国会禁止该项技术(这项技术已经存在了好几年了)。
引起争议的美国正当通信法案(CDA)获得通过，以禁止在网络上扩散色情材料。几个月后，一个由三个法官组成的的陪审团认为通过了禁止令，反对该项法案的强制实施。1997年最高法院一致认为该法案违反宪法。
因为没有缴纳域名注册费，9,272个组织的域名被InterNIC从名字服务器删除。
一些ISP遭遇到服务能力不足而断线的问题，这给他们是否能承担增长迅速的用户数目带来了疑问。AOL(中断19小时)、Netcom(中断13小时)、AT &T WorldNet(中断28小时 - 仅email服务)。
tv.com的域名以$15,000卖给CNET公司。
由于一个黑客使用黑客杂志(2600)上描述的方法，不断地使用SYN攻击，纽约的公共存取网络公司(PANIX)不得不关机。
MCI公司为Internet主干网升级，增加了大约13,000个端口，使得主干网有效速率从155Mbps升至622Mbps。
Internet特设委员会宣布计划增加7个新的顶级域名(gTLD)：.firm、.store、.web、.arts、.rec、.info、.nom，IAHC同时计划在世界范围里征求域名注册业务的竞争团体。
USENET上出现了一个恶意的机器人，它删除了超过25,000条信息。
WWW浏览器之间的战争爆发，主要是在Netscape和Microsoft之间展开，这带来了软件开发的新时代，现在Internet用户急于测试即将发布的软件，使得每个季度都有新版软件发布。
RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths
世界上Internet的使用受到限制的国家：
中国：用户和ISP需要到公安局登记。
德国：切断了与Compuserve上的一些新闻组的联系。
沙特阿拉伯：只能在大学和医院里才能使用Internet。
新加坡：有关政治和宗教内容的信息提供者要进行登记。
新西兰：将计算机磁盘视为 "出版物"，会受到审查和没收。
注册域名的国家：卡塔尔(QA)、中非共和国(CF)、阿曼(OM)、诺福克岛(NF)、图瓦鲁(TV)、法属波利尼西亚(PF)、叙利亚(SY)、阿鲁巴(AW)、柬埔寨(KH)、法属圭亚那(GF)、Eritrea(ER)、佛德角(CV)、布隆迪(BI)、贝宁(BJ)、波斯尼亚-黑塞格维纳(BA)、安道尔(AD)、瓜德罗普岛(GP)、Guernsey(GG)、Isle of Man(IM)、Jersey(JE)、老挝(LA)、马尔代夫(MV)、马绍尔群岛(MH)、毛里塔尼亚(MR)、北马利亚纳群岛(MP)、卢旺达(RW)、多哥(TG)、也门(YE)、扎伊尔(ZR)。
按主机数目排名前10的域名：com、edu、net、uk、de、jp、us、mil、ca、au
当年被黑客侵入：美国司法部(8月17日)、中央情报局(12月29日)、英国工党(12月6日)。
年度技术：搜索引擎、JAVA、网络电话。
最新技术：虚拟环境(VRML)、协同工作工具、Internet器械(网络计算机)。
1997
第2000份RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards"
Liszt维护的邮件抄送表目录登记了71,618个邮件抄送表。
从1998年3月开始，原来由Network Solutions(InterNIC)负责的美国境内的IP地址的管理与登记的业务转由新成立的美国Internet地址登记处(ARIN)负责。
6月，采用ATM/SONET技术的CA*net II开始运营，向加拿大提供下一代的Internet。
为了抗议DNS的垄断，AlterNIC的老板Eugene Kashpureff侵入了DNS系统，导致所有连到www.internic.net的用户都被引导到www.alternic.net上。
business.com域名被卖了$150,000。
7月17日清晨，Network Solutions公司的人为错误导致其DNS系统的.com和.net域名部分崩溃，使得数百万个节点不能访问。
在InterNIC注册的最长的节点名：CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA 在whois数据库中存储了101,803个域名服务器。
RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts 注册域名的国家：福克兰群岛(FK)、东帝汶(TP)、刚果共和国(CG)、圣诞岛(CX)、冈比亚(GM)、几内亚比绍(GW)、海地(HT)、伊拉克(IQ)、利比亚(LY)、马拉维(MW)、马提尼克岛(MQ)、蒙塞拉特岛(MS)、缅甸(MM)、法属留尼汪岛(RE)、塞舌尔(SC)、塞拉利昂(SL)、索马里(SO)、苏丹(SD)、塔吉克斯坦(TJ)、土库曼斯坦(TM)、特克斯群岛与凯科斯群岛(TC)、英属维京群岛(VG)、赫特与麦克唐纳群岛(HM)、法属南方领地(TF)、英属印度洋领地(IO)、斯马尔巴特和扬马延岛(SJ)、圣皮埃尔和密克隆岛(PM)、海伦娜(SH)、South Georgia/Sandwich Islands(GS)、圣多美和普林西比(ST)、Ascension Island(AC)、塔吉克斯坦(TJ)、US Minor Outlying Islands(UM)、Mayotte(YT)、瓦利斯和富图纳群岛(WF)、托克劳群岛(TK)、乍得共和国(TD)、阿富汗(AF)、科科斯群岛(CC)、布韦群岛(BV)、利比里亚(LR)、东萨摩亚(AS)、纽埃(NU)、赤道新几内亚(GQ)、不丹(BT)、Pitcairn Island(PN)、伯劳(PW)、DR of Congo(CD)。
按主机数目排名前10的域名：com、edu、net、jp、uk、de、us、au、ca、mil
当年被黑客侵入：印度尼西亚政府(1月19日、2月10日、4月24日、6月30日、11月22日)、NASA(3月5日)、英国保守党(4月27日)、辣妹合唱团(11月14日)。
年度技术：推送、多址广播。
最新技术：推送、流媒体。[:twc:]
1998
Hobbes ’ Internet大事记作为RFC 2235和FYI 32文件发布。
3月20-21日，法国举办全国范围的Internet节日La F ête de l’Internet。
第一季度，据估计总的Web网页数目是275,000,000(Digital公司)和320,000,000(NEC公司)。
商业公司云集土库曼斯坦的NIC，要为自己的公司注册.tm的域名，因为这恰巧是英语中商标一字的缩写。
3月27日，Internet用户可以为12名花样滑冰世界冠军的表演打分，这是第一次由观众来决定电视里的体育比赛结果。
5月4日，Network Solutions注册了第二百万个域名。
随着美国邮政部门允许从Web上购买和下载打印邮票，电子邮票成为现实。
加拿大淘汰其最早的全国光纤网络CA*net 3。
正当通信法案II和禁止在网上收税成为美国法律。(10月21日)
ABCNews.com网站意外地将美国选举的预测结果提前一天公布。(11月2日)
11月印度ISP市场解除管制，导致申请ISP执照的热潮。
美国商业部同Internet地址分配公司(ICANN)达成协议，将DNS管理从美国政府管理逐步转向工业界。(11月)12月8日，旧金山停电，那些没有在旧金山以外建立镜像的节点断线。
中国政府控告林海 "阴谋颠覆政府"，因为他向美国的Internet杂志提供了30,000个email地址。(后来他被判2年徒刑)
法国的网络用户在12月12日拒绝上网，以抵制法国电信公司的本地电话收费(除了向ISP缴纳费用之外，还必须缴的费用)。
开放源代码软件风行。
RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent
RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp
RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines
RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0)
注册域名的国家：瑙鲁(NR)、科摩罗(KM)
按主机数目排名前10的域名：com、net、edu、mil、jp、us、uk ,de、ca、au
当年被黑客侵入：美国商业部(2月20日)、纽约时报(9月13日)、中国人权研究会(10月26日)、联合国儿童教育基金会UNICEF(1月7日)
1999
1月，沙特阿拉伯公众可以使用Internet。
第一个提供全面服务的网络银行，First Internet Bank of Indiana，2月22日开始营业。
IBM公司成为第一个获准进入Internet2的合作伙伴。
欧洲议会建议禁止ISP缓存Web页面。
在1998年成功举办La F ête de l’Internet的基础上，3月在整个欧洲举办了Internet庆典。
美国法院裁决域名是一种财产，可以进行封存。
为NSF提供vBNS的MCI/Worldcom将美国主干网速率提升到2.5GBps。
4月7日，一个伪造的看起来象Bloomberg财政新闻故事的网站使一家小的技术公司的股票上升了31%。
4月21日，ICANN公布了5个竞争共享注册系统的测试床：AOL、CORE、France Telecom/Ol éane、Melbourne IT、Register.com。4月21日又选出了另外29个测试床，5月25日选出8个、7月6日选出15个、8月11日选出7个。测试床的选择原本计划到6月24日，后来延长至9月10日。(第一批测试床-Register.com-直到6月7日还没有上线)
在塞尔维亚/科索沃战争的同时，也开展了一次大规模的网上战争。
Internet2的Abilene连到Atlantic，连接了NORDUnet和SURFnet。
一个英国站点上列出了MI6特工的名单，Web站点成为英国政治中的一个焦点。尽管这个名单被从站点上强制删除，但是已经太晚了，因为它已经通过网络扩散出去了。(5月15日)
5月17日 SETI@Home计划开始实施。第一的目标是把网络上那些经常空闲的计算机充分利用起来。
6月18日在8国首脑高峰会议的同时，全网络的激进分子都把目标对准了世界金融中心，但只有很少的影响见诸报道。
ISOC批准成立Internet社会工作组(ISTF)，Vint Cerf当选为第一任主席。
免费电脑大为流行(只要你签署了一个长期的网络服务合同)。
RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service
RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond
RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III
RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs
按主机数目排名前10的域名：com、net、edu、jp、uk、mil、us、de、ca、au
当年被黑客侵入：星球大战(1月8日)、.tp(1月)、USIA(1月23日)、E-Bay(3月13日)、美国参议院(5月27日)、NSI(7月2日)、巴拉圭政府(7月20日)、AntiOnline(6月5日)。
年度技术：电子贸易、网上银行
年度病毒：Melissa(3月)、ExploreZip(6月)
Hobbes’ Internet大事记FAQ
1. 你为什么编写Hobbes’ Internet大事记？
为了在九十年代早期我所教授的一些Internet课程的需要。
2. 我如何得到Hobbes’ Internet大事记？
大事记的存放地址是http://www.isoc.org/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html。如果你只有email地址，你可以从下面的地址里学习如何通过email获取Web页面的内容：http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/internet-services/access-via-email/faq.html。
3. 你为什么不列出Internet用户的数目呢？
因为用户数目的问题很容易引起争论，而且也不容易得到精确的数字，作者既不想挨骂也不想让垃圾电子邮件充斥邮箱。作者估计Internet用户数目在1(他自己)到60亿之间。(再说一次：在Internet上不会有人知道你是一条狗)
4. 你的汽车牌照真的是NET SURF吗?
现在不是了。但是我的确有一个汽车牌照，其外边框的上部是"INTERNET"，下部是我的email地址，在保险杠上贴着一条标语："I’d Rather Be Net Surfing"。修订：在这一版大事记发行的时候，我的汽车(和牌照)现在正躺在汽车维修部里，它被人从后面撞了。尽管这是那个人的责任，可是我自己还得去买车啊，买车对我来说是介于去看牙医和追踪有关域名系统传奇故事之间的愿意做的事情。所以如果你是个好心人，住在北Virginia，并且想为我去买车，那就写信告诉我吧！
5. 我可不可以复制大事记，将它用于...?
给我写封email，对非营利使用来说回答非常可能是’可以’(尽管你不能想当然地认为一定如此)，对营利性的使用来说答案是’也许可以’，但是要注意不要侵犯任何有关版权的法律，请给我写email，然后等待回答。同时请注意我收到一些回信地址不对的email请求。如果在一个星期之内你还没有得到我的回信(通常只需要1个小时)，请检查一下你的email地址，将email再重新发一遍。
6. 大事记有其他语言的版本吗？
中文(Big5)：Tony Mao
中文(GB)：Li Guo
德语：Michael Kaul
日语：Katsunori Tanaka(RFC/FYI日语版)
西班牙语：Pablo Ibarrolaza & Monica Piazza
如果你有兴趣将大事记翻译成其他语言，请首先给我发email。
0. Peddie(Ala Viva!)、CWRU(North Side)、Amici(OHEP)、Col間io Andrews(Rio)、Gordonstoun
如果你知道它们的含义，请给我发email。
英文版：Hobbes' Internet Timeline v8.2编辑本段回目录
1950s
1957
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the following year, within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military (:amk:)
1960s
1961
Leonard Kleinrock, MIT: "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" (May 31)
First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory
1962
J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, MIT: "On-Line Man Computer Communication" (August)
Galactic Network concept encompassing distributed social interactions
1964
Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks"
Packet-switching networks; no single outage point
1965
ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing computers"
TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches) via a dedicated 1200bps phone line; Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computer at ARPA later added to form "The Experimental Network"
1966
Lawrence G. Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers" (October)
First ARPANET plan
1967
ARPANET design discussions held by Larry Roberts at ARPA IPTO PI meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan (April)
ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in Gatlinburg, Tennessee (October)
First design paper on ARPANET published by Larry Roberts: "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication
First meeting of the three independent packet network teams (RAND, NPL, ARPA)
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL Data Network under Donald Watts Davies who coins the term packet. The NPL network, an experiment in packet-switching, used 768kbps lines
1968
PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Request for quotation for ARPANET (29 Jul) sent out in August; responses received in September
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) awarded Network Measurement Center contract in October
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs)
US Senator Edward Kennedy sends a congratulatory telegram to BBN for its million-dollar ARPA contract to build the "Interfaith" Message Processor, and thanking them for their ecumenical efforts
Network Working Group (NWG), headed by Steve Crocker, loosely organized to develop host level protocols for communication over the ARPANET. (:vgc:)
Tymnet built as part of Tymshare service (:vgc:)
1969
ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking
Nodes are stood up as BBN builds each IMP [Honeywell DDP-516 mini computer with 12K of memory]; AT&T provides 50kbps lines
Node 1: UCLA (30 August, hooked up 2 September)
Function: Network Measurement Center
System,OS: SDS SIGMA 7, SEX
Diagram of the first host to IMP connection
Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (1 October)
Network Information Center (NIC)
SDS940/Genie
Doug Engelbart's project on "Augmentation of Human Intellect"
Node 3: University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) (1 November)
Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics
IBM 360/75, OS/MVT
Node 4: University of Utah (December)
Graphics
DEC PDP-10, Tenex
Diagram of the 4-node ARPAnet
First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker (7 April)
RFC 4: Network Timetable
First packets sent by Charley Kline at UCLA as he tried logging into SRI. The first attempt resulted in the system crashing as the letter G of LOGIN was entered. (October 29) [ Log entry ]
Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ establish X.25-based Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1970s
1970
First publication of the original ARPANET Host-Host protocol: C.S. Carr, S. Crocker, V.G. Cerf, "HOST-HOST Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network," in AFIPS Proceedings of SJCC (:vgc:)
First report on ARPANET at AFIPS: "Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing" (March)
ALOHAnet, the first packet radio network, developed by Norman Abramson, Univ of Hawaii, becomes operational (July) (:sk2:)
connected to the ARPANET in 1972
ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP), first host-to-host protocol
First cross-country link installed by AT&T between UCLA and BBN at 56kbps. This line is later replaced by another between BBN and RAND. A second line is added between MIT and Utah
1971
15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames
BBN starts building IMPs using the cheaper Honeywell 316. IMPs however are limited to 4 host connections, and so BBN develops a terminal IMP (TIP) that supports up to 64 terminals (September)
Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: an intra-machine email program (SENDMSG) and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:)
Project Gutenberg is started by Michael Hart with the purpose of making copyright-free works, including books, electronically available. The first text is the US Declaration of Independence (:dhr,msh:)
1972
Ray Tomlinson (BBN) modifies email program for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation keys on Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning (March)
Larry Roberts writes first email management program (RD) to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages (July)
International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) at the Washington D.C. Hilton with demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn. (October)
First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, and is repeated during ICCC, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses its problems with the Doctor (at BBN).
International Network Working Group (INWG) formed in October as a result of a meeting at ICCC identifying the need for a combined effort in advancing networking technologies. Vint Cerf appointed first Chair. By 1974, INWG became IFIP WG 6.1 (:vgc:)
Louis Pouzin leads the French effort to build its own ARPANET - CYCLADES
RFC 318: Telnet specification
1973
First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) via NORSAR (Norway)
Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet. The concept was tested on Xerox PARC's Alto computers, and the first Ethernet network called the Alto Aloha System (May) (:amk:)
Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts Internetting research program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back of envelope in a San Francisco hotel lobby (:vgc:)
Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:)
RFC 454: File Transfer specification
Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 741) and implementation enabling conference calls over ARPAnet. (:bb1:)
SRI (NIC) begins publishing ARPANET News in March; number of ARPANET users estimated at 2,000
ARPA study shows email composing 75% of all ARPANET traffic
Christmas Day Lockup - Harvard IMP hardware problem leads it to broadcast zero-length hops to any ARPANET destination, causing all other IMPs to send their traffic to Harvard (25 December)
RFC 527: ARPAWOCKY
RFC 602: The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care
1974
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection" which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:)
BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:)
1975
Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA)
First ARPANET mailing list, MsgGroup, is created by Steve Walker. Einar Stefferud soon took over as moderator as the list was not automated at first. A science fiction list, SF-Lovers, was to become the most popular unofficial list in the early days
John Vittal develops MSG, the first all-inclusive email program providing replying, forwarding, and filing capabilities.
Satellite links cross two oceans (to Hawaii and UK) as the first TCP tests are run over them by Stanford, BBN, and UCL
"Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:)
Shockwave Rider by John Brunner (:pds:)
1976
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an email on 26 March from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX one year later.
Multiprocessing Pluribus IMPs are deployed
1977
THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed email system over TELENET)
RFC 733: Mail specification
Tymshare spins out Tymnet under pressure from TELENET. Both go on to develop X.25 protocol standard for virtual circuit style packet switching (:vgc:)
First demonstration of ARPANET/SF Bay Packet Radio Net/Atlantic SATNET operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:)
1978
TCP split into TCP and IP (March)
RFC 748: TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option
1979
Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, National Science Foundation (NSF), and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber).
USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under net.* hierarchy.
First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex
ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB)
Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET connection via SRI.
On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie emails the MsgGroup a suggestion of adding some emotion back into the dry text medium of email, such as -) for indicating a sentence was tongue-in-cheek. Though flamed by many at the time, emoticons became widely used after Scott Fahlman suggested the use of :-) and :-( in a CMU BBS on 19 September 1982
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1980s
1980
ARPANET grinds to a complete halt on 27 October because of an accidentally-propagated status-message virus
First C/30-based IMP at BBN
1981
BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork"
Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New York, with the first connection to Yale (:feg:)
Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time' in reference to the free NJE protocols provided with the IBM systems
Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute information, as well as file transfers
CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration of computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted by NSF to provide networking services (especially email) to university scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known as the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:)
C/30 IMPs predominate the network; first C/30 TIP at SAC
Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom.
True Names by Vernor Vinge (:pds:)
RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan
1982
Norway leaves network to become an Internet connection via TCP/IP over SATNET; UCL does the same
DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. (:vgc:)
This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets.
DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:)
EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide email and USENET services. (:glg:)
original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and UK
Exterior Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used for gateways between networks.
1983
Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users to know the exact path to other systems
Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January)
No more Honeywell or Pluribus IMPs; TIPs replaced by TACs (terminal access controller)
Stuttgart and Korea get connected
Movement Information Net (MINET) started early in the year in Europe, connected to Internet in Sept
CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in place
ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. 68 of the 113 existing nodes went to MILNET
Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX (4.2 BSD) which includes IP networking software (:mpc:)
Networking needs switch from having a single, large time sharing computer connected to the Internet at each site, to instead connecting entire local networks
Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB
EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established. Very similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM-Europe
FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings
1984
Domain Name System (DNS) introduced
Number of hosts breaks 1,000
JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP
JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using the Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet
Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*)
Neuromancer by William Gibson
Canada begins a one-year effort to network its universities. The NetNorth Network is connected to BITNET in Ithaca from Toronto (:kf1:)
Kremvax message announcing USSR connectivity to USENET
1985
Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) started
Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given responsibility for DNS root management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC registrations
Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, berkeley.edu, ucla.edu, rutgers.edu, bbn.com (24 Apr); mit.edu (23 May); think.com (24 may); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July)
100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross-Canada railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to NetNorth in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:)
RFC 968: 'Twas the Night Before Start-up
1986
NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps)
NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, Theory Center@Cornell).
This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities.
NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational (:sw1:)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January at Linkabit in San Diego
The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the auspices of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later Freenet program management assumed by the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) in 1989 (:sk2,rab:)
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news performance over TCP/IP.
Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge allow non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses.
The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987.
BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using high speed links. Operational in 1987.
New England gets cut off from the Net as AT&T suffers a fiber optics cable break between Newark/NJ and White Plains/NY. Yes, all seven New England ARPANET trunk lines were in the one severed cable. Outage took place between 1:11 and 12:11 EST on 12 December
.fi is registered by members of the Finnish Unix User Group (FUUG) in Tampere (12 Dec)
1987
NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through an agreement with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS.
UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and Mike O'Dell
First TCP/IP Interoperability Conference (March), name changed in 1988 to INTEROP
Email link established between Germany and China using CSNET protocols, with the first message from China sent on 20 September. (:wz1:)
The concept and plan for a national US research and education network is proposed by Gordon Bell et al in a report to the Office of Science and Technology, written in response to a congressional request by Al Gore. (Nov) It would take four years until the establishment of this network by Congress (:gb1:)
1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide"
Number of hosts breaks 10,000
Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000
1988
2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:)
CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is the only advisory issued this year.
DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be supported by Government purchased products (:gck:)
Los Nettos network created with no federal funding, instead supported by regional members (founding: Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI).
NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps)
CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network) founded by Susan Estrada.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established in December with Jon Postel as its Director. Postel was also the RFC Editor and US Domain registrar for many years.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen (:zby:)
First Canadian regionals join NSFNET: ONet via Cornell, RISQ via Princeton, BCnet via Univ of Washington (:ec1:)
FidoNet gets connected to the Net, enabling the exchange of email and news (:tp1:)
The first multicast tunnel is established between Stanford and BBN in the Summer of 1988.
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), France (FR), Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE)
1989
Number of hosts breaks 100,000
RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service providers) to ensure the necessary administrative and technical coordination to allow the operation of the pan-European IP Network. (:glg:)
First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the National Research Initiative (CNRI), and CompuServe through Ohio State Univ (:jg1,ph1:)
Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is formed by merging CSNET into BITNET (August)
AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by AVCC and CSIRO; introduced into service the following year (:gmc:)
First link between Australia and NSFNET via Hawaii on 23 June. Australia had been limited to USENET access since the early 1980s
Cuckoo's Egg by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale of a German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities
UCLA sponsors the Act One symposium to celebrate ARPANET's 20th anniversary and its decommissioning (August)
RFC 1121: Act One - The Poems
RFC 1097: TELNET SUBLIMINAL-MESSAGE Option
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1990s
1990
ARPANET ceases to exist
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor
Archie released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill
Hytelnet released by Peter Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan)
The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access
ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI application to operate over TCP/IP (:gck:)
CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian backbone with direct connection to NSFNET (:ec1:)
The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to the Internet, the Internet Toaster by John Romkey, (controlled via SNMP) makes its debut at Interop.
Czechoslovakia (.cs) connects to EARN/BitNet (11 Oct); .cs deleted in 1993
RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers. Implementation is completed 11 years later by the Bergen Linux Users Group (28 Apr 2001)
RFC 1178: Choosing a Name for Your Computer
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH)
1991
First connection takes place between Brazil, by Fapesp, and the Internet at 9600 baud.
Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net (March) (:glg:)
Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, released by Thinking Machines Corporation
Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnesota
World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer (:pb1:). First Web server is nxoc01.cern.ch, launched in Nov 1990 and later renamed info.cern.ch.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:)
US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National Research and Education Network (NREN)
NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps)
NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month
Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. who takes over from SRI in May
Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signaled the changeover from Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK academic network. IP was initially 'tunneled' within X.25. (:gst:)
RFC 1216: Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts
RFC 1217: Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR)
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN)
1992
Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered (January)
IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and becomes part of the Internet Society
Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November)
RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to provide address registration and coordination services to the European Internet community (:dk1:)
Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada
World Bank comes on-line
The term "surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly (:jap:); Brendan Kehoe uses the term "net-surfing" as early as 6 June 1991 in a USENET post (:bt1:)
Zen and the Art of the Internet is published by Brendan Kehoe (:jap:)
Internet Hunt started by Rick Gates
RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past
RFC 1313: Today's Programming for KRFC AM 1313 - Internet Talk Radio
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE)
1993
InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: (:sc1:)
directory and database services (AT&T)
registration services (Network Solutions Inc.)
information services (General Atomics/CERFnet)
US White House comes on-line (http://www.whitehouse.gov/):
President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov
Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov
Worms of a new kind find their way around the Net - WWW Worms (W4), joined by Spiders, Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes ...
Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting (:sk2:)
United Nations (UN) comes on-line (:vgc:)
US National Information Infrastructure Act
Businesses and media begin taking notice of the Internet
.sk (Slovakia) and .cz (Czech Republic) created after split of Czechoslovakia; .cs decomissioned
InterCon International KK (IIKK) provides Japan's first commercial Internet connection in September. TWICS, though an IIKK leased line, begins offering dial-up accounts the following month (:tb1:)
Mosaic takes the Internet by storm (22 Apr); WWW proliferates at a 341,634% annual growth rate of service traffic. Gopher's growth is 997%.
RFC 1437: The Extension of MIME Content-Types to a New Medium
RFC 1438: IETF Statements of Boredom (SOBs)
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI)
1994
ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary
Communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet (Lexington and Cambridge, Mass., USA)
US Senate and House provide information servers
Shopping malls arrive on the Internet
First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las Vegas
The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) suggests that GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement (:gck:)
Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with email advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame back
NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/month
Yes, it's true - you can now order pizza from the Hut online
WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the Net (behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution on NSFNET
Japanese Prime Minister on-line (http://www.kantei.go.jp/)
UK's HM Treasury on-line (http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/)
New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line (http://www.govt.nz/)
First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business
Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) round the clock on the Net: WXYC at Univ of NC, KJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS at Western WA Univ
IPng recommended by IETF at its Toronto meeting (July) and approved by IESG in November. Later documented as RFC 1752
The first banner ads appear on hotwired.com in October. They were for Zima (a beverage) and AT&T
Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA) is formed by the merger of RARE and EARN, with representatives from 38 countries as well as CERN and ECMWF. TERENA's aim is to "promote and participate in the development of a high quality international information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit of research and education" (October)
After noticing that many network software vendors used domain.com in their documentation examples, Bill Woodcock and Jon Postel register the domain. Sure enough, after looking at the domain access logs, it was evident that many users were using the example domain in configuring their applications.
RFC 1605: SONET to Sonnet Translation
RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9
RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macao (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia (NC), Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan (UZ)
Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, uk, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net
1995
NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now routed through interconnected network providers
The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC
Neda Rayaneh Institute (NRI), Iran's first commercial provider, comes online, connecting via satellite to Cadvision, a Canadian provider (:rm1:)
Hong Kong police disconnect all but one of the colony's Internet providers for failure to obtain a license; thousands of users are left without service (:kf2:)
Sun launches JAVA on May 23
RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time
Radio HK, the first commercial 24 hr., Internet-only radio station starts broadcasting
WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet based on packet count, and in April based on byte count
Traditional online dial-up systems (CompuServe, America Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet access
Chris Lamprecht (aka "Minor Threat") becomes the first person banned from accessing the Internet by a US District Court judge in Texas
Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July)
A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August)
Registration of domain names is no longer free. Beginning 14 September, a $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for .gov
The Vatican comes on-line (http://www.vatican.va/)
The Canadian Government comes on-line (http://canada.gc.ca/)
The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the Secret Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) apprehend three individuals who were illegally manufacturing and selling cell phone cloning equipment and electronic devices
Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in the field with their families back home via the Internet.
Richard White becomes the first person to be declared a munition, under the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA file security encryption program tattooed on his arm (:wired496:)
RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas
Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU)
Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au
Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines
Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools
Hacks of the Year: The Spot (Jun 12), Hackers Movie Page (12 Aug)
1996
Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been around for years)
Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat, and Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten minutes in an online interactive chat session on 17 January.
The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes law in the US in order to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the Net. A few months later a three-judge panel imposes an injunction against its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it unconstitutional in 1997.
9,272 organizations find themselves unlisted after the InterNIC drops their name service as a result of not having paid their domain name fee
Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into question whether they will be able to handle the growing number of users. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - email only)
Domain name tv.com sold to CNET for US$15,000
New York's Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated SYN attacks by a cracker using methods outlined in a hacker magazine (2600)
MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps.
The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info, .nom. The IAHC plan also calls for a competing group of domain registrars worldwide.
A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages
The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming (beta) versions.
RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths
Restrictions on Internet use around the world:
China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police
Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe
Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals
Singapore: requires political and religious content providers to register with the state
New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that can be censored and seized
source: Human Rights Watch
Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR)
Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au
Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Justice (17 Aug), CIA (19 Sep), Air Force (29 Dec), UK Labour Party (6 Dec), NASA DDCSOL - USAFE - US Air Force (30 Dec)
Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone
Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer)
1997
2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards"
71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory
The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas currently handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998.
CA*net II launched in June to provide Canada's next generation Internet using ATM/SONET
In protest of the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC's owner, Eugene Kashpureff, hacks DNS so users going to www.internic.net end up at www.alternic.net
Domain name business.com sold for US$150,000
Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the DNS table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted, making millions of systems unreachable.
Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA
101,803 Name Servers in whois database
RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts
Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), R of Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), Heard and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories (TF), British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), St Pierre and Miquelon (PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island (AC), US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), Tokelau Islands (TK), Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island (CC), Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), DR of Congo (CD)
Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil
Hacks of the Year: Indonesian Govt (19 Jan, 10 Feb, 24 Apr, 30 Jun, 22 Nov), NASA (5 Mar), UK Conservative Party (27 Apr), Spice Girls (14 Nov)
Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting
Emerging Technologies: Push
1998
Hobbes' Internet Timeline is released as RFC 2235 & FYI 32
US Depart of Commerce (DoC) releases the Green Paper outlining its plan to privatize DNS on 30 January. This is followed up by a White Paper on June 5
La Fête de l'Internet, a country-wide Internet fest, is held in France 20-21 March
Web size estimates range between 275 (Digital) and 320 (NEC) million pages for 1Q
Companies flock to the Turkmenistan NIC in order to register their name under the .tm domain, the English abbreviation for trademark
Internet users get to be judges in a performance by 12 world champion ice skaters on 27 March, marking the first time a television sport show's outcome is determined by its viewers.
Network Solutions registers its 2 millionth domain on 4 May
Electronic postal stamps become a reality, with the US Postal Service allowing stamps to be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.
Canada kicks off CA*net 3, the first national optical internet
Compaq pays US$3.3million for altavista.com
CDA II and a ban on Net taxes are signed into US law (21 October)
ABCNews.com accidentally posts test US election returns one day early (2 November)
Indian ISP market is deregulated in November causing a rush for ISP operation licenses
US DoC enters into an agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers (ICANN) to establish a process for transitioning DNS from US Government management to industry (25 November)
San Francisco sites without off-city mirrors go offline as the city blacks out on 8 December
Chinese government puts Lin Hai on trial for "inciting the overthrow of state power" for providing 30,000 email addresses to a US Internet magazine (December) [ He is later sentenced to two years in jail ]
French Internet users give up their access on 13 December to boycott France Telecom's local phone charges (which are in addition to the ISP charge)
Open source software comes of age
RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent
RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp
RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines
RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0)
Country domains registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM)
Bandwidth Generators: Winter Olympics (Feb), World Cup (Jun-Jul), Starr Report (11 Sep), Glenn space launch
Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, net, edu, mil, jp, us, uk ,de, ca, au
Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Commerce (20 Feb), New York Times (13 Sep), China Society for Human Rights Studies (26 Oct), UNICEF (7 Jan)
Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals
Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection
1999
Internet access becomes available to the Saudi Arabian (.sa) public in January
vBNS sets up an OC48 link between CalREN South and North using Juniper M40 routers
First Internet Bank of Indiana, the first full-service bank available only on the Net, opens for business on 22 February
IBM becomes the first Corporate partner to be approved for Internet2 access
European Parliament proposes banning the caching of Web pages by ISPs
The Internet Fiesta kicks off in March across Europe, building on the success of La Fête de l'Internet held in 1998
US State Court rules that domain names are property that may be garnished
MCI/Worldcom, the vBNS provider for NSF, begins upgrading the US backbone to 2.5Gbps
A forged Web page made to look like a Bloomberg financial news story raised shares of a small technology company by 31% on 7 April.
ICANN announces the five testbed registrars for the competitive Shared Registry System on 21 April: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, Melbourne IT, Register.com. 29 additional post-testbed registrars are also selected on 21 April, followed by 8 on 25 May, 15 on 6 July, and so on for a total of 98 by year's end. The testbed, originally scheduled to last until 24 June, is extended until 10 September, and then 30 November. The first registrar to come online is Register.com on 7 June
First large-scale Cyberwar takes place simultaneously with the war in Serbia/Kosovo
Abilene, the Internet2 network, reaches across the Atlantic and connects to NORDUnet and SURFnet
The Web becomes the focal point of British politics as a list of MI6 agents is released on a UK Web site. Though forced to remove the list from the site, it was too late as the list had already been replicated across the Net. (15 May)
Activists Net-wide target the world's financial centers on 18 June, timed to coincide with the G8 Summit. Little actual impact is reported.
MCI/Worldcom launches vBNS+, a commercialized version of vBNS targeted at smaller educational and research institutions
DoD issues a memo requiring all US military systems to connect via NIPRNET, and not directly to the Internet by 15 Dec 1999 (22 Aug)
Somalia gets its first ISP - Olympic Computer (Sep)
ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF). Vint Cerf serves as first chair
Free computers are all the rage (as long as you sign a long term contract for Net service)
Country domains registered: Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS)
vBNS reaches 101 connections
business.com is sold for US$7.5million (it was purchased in 1997 for US$150,000 (30 Nov)
RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service
RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond
RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III
RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs
RFC 2626: The Internet and the Millennium Problem (Year 2000)
Top 10 TLDs by Host #: com, net, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au
Hacks of the Year: Star Wars (8 Jan), .tp (Jan), USIA (23 Jan), E-Bay (13 Mar), US Senate (27 May), NSI (2 Jul), Paraguay Gov't (20 Jul), AntiOnline (5 Aug), Microsoft (26 Oct), UK Railtrack (31 Dec)
Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3
Emerging Technologies: Net-Cell Phones, Thin Computing, Embedded Computing
Viruses of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2000s
2000
The US timekeeper (USNO) and a few other time services around the world report the new year as 19100 on 1 Jan
A massive denial of service attack is launched against major web sites, including Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February
Web size estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion indexable pages
ICANN redelegates the .pn domain, returning it to the Pitcairn Island community (February)
Internet2 backbone network deploys IPv6 (16 May)
Various domain name hijackings took place in late May and early June, including internet.com, bali.com, and web.net
A testbed allowing the registration of domain names in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean begins operation on 9 November. This testbed, created by VeriSign without IETF authorization, only allows the second-level domain to be non-English, still forcing use of .com, .net, .org. The Chinese government blocks internal registrations, stating that registrations in Chinese are its sovereignty right
ICANN selects new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro (16 Nov)
Mexico's connection to Internet2 becomes fully operational as the California research network (CalREN-2) is connected with Mexico's Corporación Universitaria para el Desarrollo de Internet (CUDI) network. Though connected in November, the link's inauguration by California's Governor and Mexico's President was not until March of 2001.
After months of legal proceedings, the French court rules Yahoo! must block French users from accessing hate memorabilia in its auction site (Nov). Given its inability to provide such a block on the Internet, Yahoo! removes those auctions entirely (Jan 2001). The case is eventually thrown out (Feb 2003).
The European Commission contracts with a consortium of 30 national research networks for the development of Géant, Europe's new gigabit research network meant to enhance the current capability provided by TEN-155 (6 Nov)
Australian government endorses the transfer of authority for the .au domain to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN signs over control to auDA on 26 Oct 2001.
RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite
Hacks of the Year: RSA Security (Feb), Apache (May), Western Union (Sep), Microsoft (Oct)
Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster
Emerging Technologies: Wireless devices, IPv6
Viruses of the Year: Love Letter (May)
Lawsuits of the Year: Napster, DeCSS
2001
The first live distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman -- over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb
VeriSign extends its multilingual domain testbed to encompass various European languages (26 Feb), and later the full Unicode character set (5 Apr) opening up most of the world's languages
Forwarding email in Australia becomes illegal with the passing of the Digital Agenda Act, as it is seen as a technical infringement of personal copyright (4 Mar)
Radio stations broadcasting over the Web go silent over actor royalty disputes (10 Apr)
High schools in five states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington) become the first to gain Internet2 access
SETI@Home launches on 17 May and within four weeks its distributed Internet clients provide more computing power than the most powerful supercomputer of its time (:par:)
US Dept of Commerce issues a notice of intent on 6 April to turn over management for the .edu domain from VeriSign to Educause. Award agreement is reached on 29 October. Community colleges will finally be able to register under .edu
Napster keeps finding itself embroiled in litigation and is eventually forced to suspend service; it comes back later in the year as a subscription service
European Council finalizes an international cybercrime treaty on 22 June and adopts it on 9 November. This is the first treaty addressing criminal offenses committed over the Internet.
.biz and .info are added to the root server on 27 June with registrations beginning in July. .biz domain go live on 7 Nov.
Afghanistan's Taliban bans Internet access country-wide, including from Government offices, in an attempt to control content (13 Jul)
Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of web servers and email accounts, respectively, causing a spike in Internet bandwidth usage and security breaches (July)
A fire in a train tunnel running through Baltimore, Maryland seriously damages various fiber-optic cable bundles used by backbone providers, disrupting Internet traffic in the Mid-Atlantic states and creating a ripple effect across the US (18 Jul)
Brazil RNP2 is connected to Internet2's Abilene over 45Mbps line (21 Aug)
GéANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, becomes operational (23 Oct), replacing the TEN-155 network which was closed down (30 Nov)
.museum begins resolving (Nov)
First uncompressed real-time gigabit HDTV transmission across a wide-area IP network takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov).
Dutch SURFnet and Internet2's Abilene connect via gigabit ethernet (15 Nov)
.us domain operational responsibility assumed by NeuStar (20 Nov)
RFC 3091: Pi Digit Generation Protocol
RFC 3092: Etymology of "Foo"
RFC 3093: Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP)
Viruses of the Year: Code Red (Jul), Nimda (Sep), SirCam (Jul), BadTrans (Apr, Nov)
Emerging Technologies: Grid Computing, P2P
2002
US ISP Association (USISPA) is created from the former CIX (11 Jan)
.name begins resolving (15 Jan)
.coop registrations begin (30 Jan)
Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) is formed composed of two OC-48 2.4GB circuits connecting Internet2 Abiline, CANARIE CA*net3, and GéANT (18 Feb)
.aero registrations begin 18 March and beings resolving 2 September
Federally recognized US Indian tribes become eligible to register under .gov (26 Apr)
Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest of proposed song royalty rate increases (1 May)
Abilene (Internet2) backbone deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug)
The 69/8 IP range is allocated to ARIN in August after having been in the bogon list; users and servers assigned a 69/8 address find themselves blocked from many Internet sites
Internet2 now has 200 university, 60 corporate, and 40 affiliate members (2 Sep)
Having your own Blog becomes hip
Hundreds of Spain-based web sites take their content offline in protest of a new law that took effect on 12 Oct requiring all commercial Web sites to register with the government
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack struck the 13 DNS root servers knocking out all but 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst national security concerns, VeriSign hastens a planned relocation of one of its two DNS root servers
A new US law creates a kids-safe "dot-kids" domain (kids.us) to be implemented in 2003 (3 Dec)
The FBI teams up with Terras Lycos to disseminate virtual wanted posts across the Web portal's properties (11 Dec)
RFC 3251: Electricity over IP
RFC 3252: Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport
2003
Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 Jan. Transition is completed on 27 Jan. By giving up .org, VeriSign is able to retain control over .com domains
The first official Swiss online election takes place in Anières (7 Jan)
The registration for domain ogrish.com is deleted (11 Jan) by the German registrar Joker.com at the request of a German prosecutor claiming objectionable content; the site however is hosted in the United States and complies with US laws.
The SQL Slammer worm causes one of the largest and fastest spreading DDoS attacks ever. Taking roughly 10 minutes to spread worldwide, the worm took down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers along with tens of thousands of other servers, and impacted a multitude of systems ranging from (bank) ATM systems to air traffic control to emergency (911) systems (25 Jan). This is followed in August by the Sobig.F virus (19 Aug), the fastest spreading virus ever, and the Blaster (MSBlast) worm (11 Aug), another one of the most destructive worms ever
k.root-servers.net changes to using nsd vs. bind to increase diversity of software in the root name server system (19 Feb)
.nl registrations open up to anyone, including individuals and foreigners (29 Jan); .se also opens up its registration in April.
.af is redelegated on 8 Jan and becomes live once again on 12 Feb with UNDP technical assistance. First domains are moc.gov.af and undp.org.af (15 Feb)
.pro sunrise registration begins 23 Apr under .cpa.pro, .law.pro, .med.pro
Flash mobs, organized over the Net, start in New York and quickly form in cities worlwide
Taxes make headlines as: larger US Internet retailers begin collecting taxes on all purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the EU requires all Internet companies to collect value added tax (VAT) on digital downloads starting 1 July
The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the word "e-mail" by government ministries, and adopts the use of the more French sounding "courriel" (Jul)
KRNIC begins offering Hangeul.kr domains (19 Aug)
.kids.us sunrise registration begins 17 June and public registration on 9 Sep
The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 individuals on 8 Sep for allegedly distributing copyright music files over peer-to-peer networks
VeriSign deploys a wildcard service (Site Finder) into the .com and .net TLDs causing much confusion as URLs with invalid domains are redirected to a VeriSign page (15 Sep). ICANN orders VeriSign to stop the service, which they comply with on 4 Oct
Last Abilene segment upgraded to 10Gbps (5 Nov)
National LambdaRail announced as a new US R&D networking infrastructure (16 Sep). The first connection takes place between Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) and Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) in Chicago (18 Nov)
Little GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) starts operations (22 Dec), consisting of a networked ring across the northern hemisphere with connections in Chicago, Amsterdam, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Zabajkal'sk, Manzhouli, Beijing, and Hong Kong. This is the first-ever fiber network connections across the Russia-China border
RFC 3514: The Security Flag in the IPv4 Header (The Evil Bit)
2004
For the first time, there are more instances of DNS root servers outside the US with the launch of an anycast instance of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server
Abiline, the Internet2 backbone, upgrade from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is completed (4 Feb)
Network Solutions begins offering 100 year domain registration (24 Mar)
One of the .ly nameservers stops responding (7 Apr) causing the other nameserver to go offline (9 Apr), making the domain inaccessible. Service is restored 13 Apr
VeriSign Naming and Directory Service (VNDS) begins updating all 13 .com/.net authoritative name servers in near real-time vs. twice each day (8 Sep)
Lycos Europe releases a screen saver to help fight spam by keeping spam servers busy with requests (1 Dec). The service is discontinued within a few days after backbone providers block access to the download site and the service causese some servers to crash.
CERNET2, the first backbone IPv6 network in China, is launched by the China Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at speeds of 1-10Gbps (27 Dec)
Figure: Internet Hosts
click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the InternetFigure: Worldwide Networks Growth
Figure: WWW Growth
click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Web
click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Internet
Figure: Internet Domains
Figure: Internet Networks
click here for a chart showing the logarithmic growth of the Web
参考文献编辑本段回目录
http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
http://www.jfsky.com/infoView/Article_26497.html
